Google Chrome. Хром википедия браузер

Google Chrome - Wikipedia

Google Inc.

September 2, 2008; 9 years ago (2008-09-02)

Windows, macOS, Linux Android iOS 65.0.3325.181 / March 20, 2018; 1 day ago (2018-03-20)[1] 65.0.3325.109 / March 6, 2018; 15 days ago (2018-03-06)[2] 65.0.3325.152 / March 12, 2018; 9 days ago (2018-03-12)[3]

Beta (Windows, macOS, Linux) Beta (Android) Beta (iOS) Dev (Windows, macOS, Linux) Dev (Android) Dev (iOS) Canary (Windows, macOS) Canary (Android) 66.0.3359.33 / March 15, 2018; 6 days ago (2018-03-15)[4] 66.0.3359.30 / March 16, 2018; 5 days ago (2018-03-16)[5] 66.0.3359.12 / March 7, 2018; 14 days ago (2018-03-07)[6] 67.0.3371.0 / March 16, 2018; 5 days ago (2018-03-16)[7] 66.0.3359.30 / March 14, 2018; 7 days ago (2018-03-14)[6] 67.0.3368.0 / March 15, 2018; 6 days ago (2018-03-15)[6] 67.0.3377.0 / March 21, 2018; 0 days ago (2018-03-21)[6] 67.0.3376.0 / March 20, 2018; 1 day ago (2018-03-20)[6]

Active

C++[8]

Blink (WebKit on iOS), V8

IA-32, x64, ARMv7

47 languages[10]

List of languages Afrikaans, Amharic, Bulgarian, Catalan, Chinese (Hong Kong), Chinese (PRC), Chinese (Taiwan), Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English (AU), English (UK), English (US), Estonian, Filipino, Finnish, French (Canada), French (France), German, Greek, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latvian, Lithuanian, Malay, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal), Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish (Latin America), Spanish (Spain), Swahili, Swedish, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, Zulu

Web browser, mobile browser

Freeware under Google Chrome Terms of Service[11][note 1]

google.com/chrome/browser/

Google Chrome is a freeware web browser developed by Google.[11] It was first released in September 2008, for Microsoft Windows, and was later ported to Linux, macOS, iOS and Android. Google Chrome is also the main component of Chrome OS, where it serves as a platform for running web apps.

Google releases the majority of Chrome's source code as the Chromium open-source project.[12][13] One component that is not open-source is the built-in Adobe Flash Player (that Chrome has disabled by default since September 2016[14]). Chrome used the WebKit layout engine until version 27. As of version 28, all Chrome ports except the iOS port use Blink, a fork of the WebKit engine.[15][16][17]

As of 2018[update], StatCounter estimates that Google Chrome has a 66% worldwide usage share of web browsers as a desktop browser.[18] It also has 56% market share across all platforms combined,[19] because it has over 50% share on smartphones; and thus Chrome is most used browser in virtually all countries (most exceptions in Africa).[20] Its success has led to Google expanding the "Chrome" brand name on various other products such as Chromecast, Chromebook, Chromebit, Chromebox and Chromebase.

History

Google CEO Eric Schmidt opposed the development of an independent web browser for six years. He stated that "at the time, Google was a small company," and he did not want to go through "bruising browser wars." After co-founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page hired several Mozilla Firefox developers and built a demonstration of Chrome, Schmidt admitted that "It was so good that it essentially forced me to change my mind."[21]

Rumors of Google building a web browser first appeared in September 2004. Online journals and U.S. newspapers stated at the time that Google was hiring former Microsoft web developers among others. It also came shortly after the final 1.0 release of Mozilla Firefox, which was surging in popularity and taking market share from Internet Explorer, which was suffering from major security problems.[22]

Announcement

The release announcement was originally scheduled for September 3, 2008, and a comic by Scott McCloud was to be sent to journalists and bloggers explaining the features within the new browser.[23] Copies intended for Europe were shipped early and German blogger Philipp Lenssen of Google Blogoscoped[24] made a scanned copy of the 38-page comic available on his website after receiving it on September 1, 2008.[25] Google subsequently made the comic available on Google Books[26] and mentioned it on their official blog along with an explanation for the early release.[27] The product was allegedly named "Chrome" because Google wanted to minimize the chrome of the browser,[28] though this meaning was added somewhat post-hoc, the 'codename' before release apparently chosen from a connotation of speed.[29]

Public release

The browser was first publicly released on September 2, 2008 for Windows XP and later, with 43 supported languages, officially a beta version,[30] and as a stable public release on December 11, 2008.

On the same day, a CNET news item[31] drew attention to a passage in the Terms of Service statement for the initial beta release, which seemed to grant to Google a license to all content transferred via the Chrome browser. This passage was inherited from the general Google terms of service.[32] Google responded to this criticism immediately by stating that the language used was borrowed from other products, and removed this passage from the Terms of Service.[11]

Chrome quickly gained about 1% usage share.[27][33][34][35] After the initial surge, usage share dropped until it hit a low of 0.69% in October 2008. It then started rising again and by December 2008, Chrome again passed the 1% threshold.[36]

In early January 2009, CNET reported that Google planned to release versions of Chrome for OS X and Linux in the first half of the year.[37] The first official Chrome OS X and Linux developer previews[38] were announced on June 4, 2009, with a blog post[39] saying they were missing many features and were intended for early feedback rather than general use.

In December 2009, Google released beta versions of Chrome for OS X and Linux.[40][41] Google Chrome 5.0, announced on May 25, 2010, was the first stable release to support all three platforms.[42]

Chrome was one of the twelve browsers offered to European Economic Area users of Microsoft Windows in 2010.[43]

Development

Chrome was assembled from 25 different code libraries from Google and third parties such as Mozilla's Netscape Portable Runtime, Network Security Services, NPAPI (dropped as of version 45),[44]Skia Graphics Engine, SQLite, and a number of other open-source projects.[45] The V8 JavaScript virtual machine was considered a sufficiently important project to be split off (as was Adobe/Mozilla's Tamarin) and handled by a separate team in Denmark coordinated by Lars Bak at Aarhus. According to Google, existing implementations were designed "for small programs, where the performance and interactivity of the system weren't that important", but web applications such as Gmail "are using the web browser to the fullest when it comes to DOM manipulations and JavaScript", and therefore would significantly benefit from a JavaScript engine that could work faster.

Chrome initially used the WebKit rendering engine to display web pages. In 2013, they forked the WebCore component to create their own layout engine Blink. Based on WebKit, Blink only uses WebKit's "WebCore" components, while substituting other components, such as its own multi-process architecture, in place of WebKit's native implementation.[15]

Chrome is internally tested with unit testing, "automated user interface testing of scripted user actions", fuzz testing, as well as WebKit's layout tests (99% of which Chrome is claimed to have passed), and against commonly accessed websites inside the Google index within 20–30 minutes.[26]

Google created Gears for Chrome, which added features for web developers typically relating to the building of web applications, including offline support.[26] Google phased out Gears as the same functionality became available in the HTML5 standards.[46]

On January 11, 2011, the Chrome product manager, Mike Jazayeri, announced that Chrome would remove H.264 video codec support for its HTML5 player, citing the desire to bring Google Chrome more in line with the currently available open codecs available in the Chromium project, which Chrome is based on.[47] Despite this, on November 6, 2012, Google released a version of Chrome on Windows which added hardware-accelerated H.264 video decoding.[48] In October 2013, Cisco announced that it was open-sourcing its H.264 codecs and will cover all fees required.[49]

On February 7, 2012, Google launched Google Chrome Beta for Android 4.0 devices.[50] On many new devices with Android 4.1 and later preinstalled, Chrome is the default browser.[51]

In May 2017, Google announced a version of Chrome for augmented reality and virtual reality devices.[52]

Version history

Features

Google Chrome features a minimalistic user interface, with its user-interface principles later being implemented into other browsers. For example, the merging of the address bar and search bar into the omnibox.[53] Chrome also has a reputation for strong browser performance.[54][55]

Bookmarks and settings synchronization

Chrome allows users to synchronize their bookmarks, history, and settings across all devices with the browser installed by sending and receiving data through a chosen Google Account, which in turn updates all signed-in instances of Chrome. This can be authenticated either through Google credentials, or a sync passphrase.

Web standards support

The first release of Google Chrome passed both the Acid1 and Acid2 tests. Beginning with version 4.0, Chrome has passed all aspects of the Acid3 test.[56]

As of May 2011, Chrome has very good support for JavaScript/ECMAScript according to Ecma International's ECMAScript standards conformance Test 262[57] (version ES5.1 May 18, 2012). This test reports as the final score the number of tests a browser failed; hence lower scores are better. In this test, Chrome version 37 scored 10 failed/11578 passed. For comparison, Firefox 19 scored 193 failed/11752 passed and Internet Explorer 9 has a score of 600+ failed, while Internet Explorer 10 has a score of 7 failed.

In 2011, on the official CSS 2.1 test suite by standardization organization W3C, WebKit, the Chrome rendering engine, passes 89.75% (89.38% out of 99.59% covered) CSS 2.1 tests.[58]

On the HTML5 web standards test, Chrome 41 scores 518 out of 555 points, placing it ahead of the five most popular desktop browsers.[59][60] Chrome 41 on Android scores 510 out of 555 points.[61][62][63] Chrome 44 scores 526, only 29 points less than the maximum score.[64]

Security

Chrome periodically retrieves updates of two blacklists (one for phishing and one for malware), and warns users when they attempt to visit a site flagged as potentially harmful. This service is also made available for use by others via a free public API called "Google Safe Browsing API".[26]

Chrome uses a process-allocation model to sandbox tabs.[65] Using the principle of least privilege, each tab process cannot interact with critical memory functions (e.g. OS memory, user files) or other tab processes – similar to Microsoft's "Protected Mode" used by Internet Explorer 9 or greater. The Sandbox Team is said to have "taken this existing process boundary and made it into a jail." This enforces a computer security model whereby there are two levels of multilevel security (user and sandbox) and the sandbox can only respond to communication requests initiated by the user.[66] On Linux sandboxing uses the seccomp mode.[67][68]

Since 2008, Chrome has been faulted for not including a master password to prevent casual access to a user's passwords. Chrome developers have indicated that a master password does not provide real security against determined hackers and have refused to implement one. Bugs filed on this issue have been marked "WontFix".[69][70] As of February 2014[update], the Windows version asks the user to enter the Windows account password before showing saved passwords.[71]

In January 2015, TorrentFreak reported that using Chrome when connected to the internet using a VPN can be a serious security issue due to the browser's support for WebRTC.[72]

On September 12, 2016, it was reported that starting with Chrome 56, users will be warned when they visit non-secure HTTP websites to encourage more sites to make the transition to HTTPS.[73]

Security vulnerabilities

No security vulnerabilities in Chrome were exploited in the three years of Pwn2Own from 2009–2011.[74]

At Pwn2Own 2012, Chrome was defeated by a French team who used zero day exploits in the version of Flash shipped with Chrome to take complete control of a fully patched 64-bit Windows 7 PC using a booby-trapped website that overcame Chrome's sandboxing.[75]

Chrome was compromised twice at the 2012 CanSecWest Pwnium.[75][76][77] Google's official response to the exploits was delivered by Jason Kersey, who congratulated the researchers, noting "We also believe that both submissions are works of art and deserve wider sharing and recognition."[78] Fixes for these vulnerabilities were deployed within 10 hours of the submission.[79][80]

A significant number of security vulnerabilities in Chrome occur in the Adobe Flash Player. For example, in the 2016 Pwn2Own successful attack on Chrome relied on four security vulnerabilities. Two of the vulnerabilities were in Flash, one was in Chrome, and one was in the Windows kernel.[81] In 2016, Google announced that it was planning to phase out Flash Player in Chrome, starting in version 53. The first phase of the plan is to disable Flash for ads and "background analytics", with the ultimate goal of disabling it completely by the end of the year, except on specific sites that Google has deemed to be broken without it. Flash would then be re-enabled with the exclusion of ads and background analytics on a site-by-site basis.[82]

Malware blocking and ad blocking

Google introduced download scanning protection in Chrome 17.[83] In February 2018, Google introduced an ad blocking feature based on recommendations from the Interactive Advertising Bureau. Sites that employ invasive ads are given a 30-day warning, after which their ads will be blocked.[84]Consumer Reports recommended users install dedicated ad-blocking tools instead, which offer increased security against malware and tracking.[85]

Plugins

• Chrome supported, up to version 45, plug-ins with the Netscape Plugin Application Programming Interface (NPAPI),[86] so that plug-ins (for example Adobe Flash Player) run as unrestricted separate processes outside the browser and cannot be sandboxed as tabs are. ActiveX is not supported.[86] Since 2010, Adobe Flash has been integral to Chrome and does not need be installed separately. Flash is kept up to date as part of Chrome's own updates.[87]Java applet support was available in Chrome with Java 6 update 12 and above.[88] Support for Java under OS X was provided by a Java Update released on May 18, 2010.[89]
• On August 12, 2009, Google introduced a replacement for NPAPI that is more portable and more secure[90] called Pepper Plugin API (PPAPI).[91] The default bundled PPAPI Flash Player (or Pepper-based Flash Player) was available on Chrome OS first, then replaced the NPAPI Flash Player on Linux from Chrome version 20, on Windows from version 21 (which also reduced Flash crashes by 20%),[92] and eventually came to OS X at version 23.[93]
• On September 23, 2013, Google announced that it will be deprecating and then removing NPAPI support. NPAPI support was removed from Linux in Chrome release 35.[94] NPAPI plugins like Java can no longer work in Chrome (but there are workarounds for Flash by using PPAPI Flash Player on Linux including for Chromium).[95]
• On April 14, 2015, Google released Chrome v42, disabling the NPAPI by default. This makes plugins that do not have a PPAPI plugin counterpart incompatible with Chrome, such as Java, Silverlight and Unity. However, NPAPI support could be enabled through the chrome://flags[permanent dead link] menu, until the release of version 45 in September 2015, that removed NPAPI support entirely.[96]

Privacy

Incognito mode

The private browsing feature called Incognito mode prevents the browser from permanently storing any history information or cookies from the websites visited. Incognito mode is similar to the private browsing feature in other web browsers. It doesn't prevent saving in all windows: "You can switch between an incognito window and any regular windows you have open. You'll only be in incognito mode when you're using the incognito window".[97]

User tracking

Chrome sends details about its users to Google through both optional and non-optional user tracking mechanisms.[98]

Some of the tracking mechanisms can be optionally enabled and disabled through the installation interface[99] and through the browser's options dialog.[100] Unofficial builds, such as SRWare Iron, seek to remove these features from the browser altogether.[101] The RLZ feature is not included in the Chromium browser either.[102]

In March 2010, Google devised a new method to collect installation statistics: the unique ID token included with Chrome is now only used for the first connection that Google Update makes to its server.[103]

The optional suggestion service included in Google Chrome has been criticized because it provides the information typed into the Omnibox to the search provider before the user even hits return. This allows the search engine to provide URL suggestions, but also provides them with web usage information tied to an IP address.[104]

The optional feature to use a web service to help resolve spelling errors has privacy implications.[105]

Do Not Track

In February 2012, Google announced that Chrome would support Do Not Track (DNT) by the end of 2012; the protocol was implemented in version 23. In line with the W3's draft standard for DNT,[110] it is turned off by default in Chrome.[111]

Speed

The JavaScript virtual machine used by Chrome, the V8 JavaScript engine, has features such as dynamic code generation, hidden class transitions, and precise garbage collection.[26]

In 2008, several websites performed benchmark tests using the SunSpider JavaScript Benchmark tool as well as Google's own set of computationally intense benchmarks, which include ray tracing and constraint solving.[112] They unanimously reported that Chrome performed much faster than all competitors against which it had been tested, including Safari (for Windows), Firefox 3.0, Internet Explorer 7, Opera, and Internet Explorer 8.[113][114][115][54][116][117] However, on October 11, 2010, independent tests of JavaScript performance, Chrome has been scoring just behind Opera's Presto engine since it was updated in version 10.5.[118]

On September 3, 2008, Mozilla responded by stating that their own TraceMonkey JavaScript engine (then in beta), was faster than Chrome's V8 engine in some tests.[119][120][121]John Resig, Mozilla's JavaScript evangelist, further commented on the performance of different browsers on Google's own suite, commenting on Chrome's "decimating" of the other browsers, but he questioned whether Google's suite was representative of real programs. He stated that Firefox 3.0 performed poorly on recursion-intensive benchmarks, such as those of Google, because the Mozilla team had not implemented recursion-tracing yet.[122]

Two weeks after Chrome's launch in 2008, the WebKit team announced a new JavaScript engine, SquirrelFish Extreme,[123] citing a 36% speed improvement over Chrome's V8 engine.[124][125][126]

Like most major web browsers, Chrome uses DNS prefetching to speed up website lookups,[127] as do other browsers like Firefox,[128] Safari,[129] Internet Explorer (called DNS Pre-resolution),[130] and in Opera as a UserScript (not built-in).[131]

Chrome formerly used their now deprecated SPDY protocol instead of only HTTP[132][133] when communicating with servers that support it, such as Google services, Facebook, Twitter. SPDY support was removed in Chrome version 51.

Stability

A multi-process architecture is implemented in Chrome[134] where, by default, a separate process is allocated to each site instance and plugin. This procedure is termed process isolation,[135] and it prevents tasks from interfering with each other, raising security and stability. An attacker successfully gaining access to one application gains access to no others,[136] and failure in one instance results in a Sad Tab screen of death, similar to the well-known Sad Mac, but only one tab crashes instead of the whole application. This strategy exacts a fixed per-process cost up front, but results in less memory bloat over time as fragmentation is confined to each instance and no longer needs further memory allocations.[26] This architecture was adopted in Safari[137] and Firefox.[138]

Chrome includes a process management utility called Task Manager which lets users see what sites and plugins are using the most memory, downloading the most bytes and overusing the CPU and provides the ability to terminate them.[26] Chrome Version 23 ensures its users an improved battery life for the systems supporting Chrome's GPU accelerated video decoding.[139][48]

User interface

Google Chrome logos

3D motif from first public release September 2008 until March 2011

2D motif from March 2011 until October 2015

Material Design motif used from September 2014 onward for mobile version and October 2015 onward for desktop version

By default, the main user interface includes back, forward, refresh/cancel and menu buttons. A home button is not shown by default, but can be added through the Settings page to take the user to the new tab page or a custom home page.[140]

Tabs are the main component of Chrome's user interface and as such, have been moved to the top of the window rather than below the controls. This subtle change contrasts with many existing tabbed browsers which are based on windows and contain tabs. Tabs, with their state, can be transferred seamlessly between window containers by dragging. Each tab has its own set of controls, including the Omnibox.[26]

The Omnibox is a URL box that combines the functions of both the address bar and search box. If a user enters the URL of a site previously searched from, Chrome allows pressing Tab to search the site again directly from the Omnibox. When a user starts typing in the Omnibox, Chrome provides suggestions for previously visited sites (based on the URL or in-page text), popular websites (not necessarily visited before – powered by Google Instant), and popular searches. Although Instant can be turned off, suggestions based on previously visited sites cannot be turned off. Chrome will also autocomplete the URLs of sites visited often.[26] If a user types keywords into the Omnibox that don't match any previously visited websites and presses enter, Chrome will conduct the search using the default search engine.

One of Chrome's differentiating features is the New Tab Page, which can replace the browser home page and is displayed when a new tab is created. Originally, this showed thumbnails of the nine most visited web sites, along with frequent searches, recent bookmarks, and recently closed tabs; similar to Internet Explorer and Firefox with Google Toolbar, or Opera's Speed Dial.[26] In Google Chrome 2.0, the New Tab Page was updated to allow users to hide thumbnails they did not want to appear.[141]

Starting in version 3.0, the New Tab Page was revamped to display thumbnails of the eight most visited web sites. The thumbnails could be rearranged, pinned, and removed. Alternatively, a list of text links could be displayed instead of thumbnails. It also features a "Recently closed" bar that shows recently closed tabs and a "tips" section that displays hints and tricks for using the browser.[142]

Chrome includes a bookmarks submenu that lists the user's bookmarks, provides easy access to Chrome's Bookmark Manager, and allows the user to toggle a bookmarks bar on or off.

For web developers, Chrome features an element inspector (Inspect Element), similar to the browser extension in Firebug, which allows users to look into the DOM and see what makes up the webpage.[127]

Chrome has special URLs that load application-specific pages instead of websites or files on disk. Chrome also has a built-in ability to enable experimental features. Originally called about:labs, the address was changed to about:flags to make it less obvious to casual users.[143][144]

In March 2011, Google introduced a new simplified logo to replace the previous 3D logo that had been used since the project's inception. Google designer Steve Rura explained the company reasoning for the change: "Since Chrome is all about making your web experience as easy and clutter-free as possible, we refreshed the Chrome icon to better represent these sentiments. A simpler icon embodies the Chrome spirit – to make the web quicker, lighter, and easier for all."[145]

In September 2013, Google started making Chrome apps "For your desktop." This meant offline access, desktop shortcuts, and less dependence on Chrome- They launch in a window separate from Chrome, and look more like native applications.[146]

Desktop shortcuts and apps

Chrome allows users to make local desktop shortcuts that open web applications in the browser. The browser, when opened in this way, contains none of the regular interface except for the title bar, so as not to "interrupt anything the user is trying to do". This allows web applications to run alongside local software (similar to Mozilla Prism and Fluid).[26]

This feature, according to Google, will be enhanced with the Chrome Web Store, a one-stop web-based web applications directory which opened in December 2010.[147][148]

Chrome Web Store

Announced on December 7, 2010, the Chrome Web Store allows users to install web applications as extensions to the browser, although most of these extensions function simply as links to popular web pages and/or games, but some of the apps like Springpad do provide extra features like offline access. The themes and extensions have also been tightly integrated into the new store, allowing users to search the entire catalog of Chrome extras.[149]

The Chrome Web Store was opened on February 11, 2011, with the release of Google Chrome 9.0.[150]

Extensions

Google Chrome Extensions are browser extensions that modify Google Chrome.[151] These extensions are written using web technologies like HTML, JavaScript, and CSS.[152] They are distributed through Chrome Web Store[153] (formerly Google Chrome Extensions Gallery).[151] All users with a Google Account are able to add extensions after developing them.[154] Many Chrome extensions, once installed, have access to the user's data. There are three levels of permissions that an app or extension may request.[155]

On September 9, 2009, Google enabled extensions by default on Chrome's developer channel, and provided several sample extensions for testing.[156] In December, the Google Chrome Extensions Gallery beta began with approximately 300 extensions.[41][157] It was launched on January 25, 2010 along with Google Chrome 4.0, containing approximately 1500 extensions.[158]

On May 27, 2014, Google issued an update to Chrome preventing Windows users from installing extensions obtained outside the Chrome Web Store.[159]

Notable examples

Themes

Starting with Google Chrome 3.0, users can install themes to alter the appearance of the browser.[162] Many free third-party themes are provided in an online gallery,[163] accessible through a "Get themes" button in Chrome's options.[164]

Automatic web page translation

Starting with Google Chrome 4.1 the application added a built-in translation bar using Google Translate. Translation is currently available for 52 languages.[165] When Chrome detects a foreign language other than the user's preferred language as set during the installation time, it asks the user whether or not to translate.

Release channels, cycles and updates

The first production release on December 11, 2008, marked the end of the initial Beta test period and the beginning of Production. Shortly thereafter, on January 8, 2009, Google announced an updated release system with three channels: Stable (corresponding to the traditional Production), Beta, and Developer preview (also called the "Dev" channel). Where there were before only two channels: Beta and Developer, now there were three. Concurrently, all Developer channel users were moved to the Beta channel along with the promoted Developer release. Google explained that now the Developer channel builds would be less stable and polished than those from the initial Google Chrome's Beta period. Beta users could opt back to the Developer channel as desired.

Each channel has its own release cycle and stability level. The Stable channel updated roughly quarterly, with features and fixes that passed "thorough" testing in the Beta channel. Beta updated roughly monthly, with "stable and complete" features migrated from the Developer channel. The Developer channel updated once or twice per week and was where ideas and features were first publicly exposed "(and sometimes fail) and can be very unstable at times". [Quoted remarks from Google's policy announcements.][166][167][168]

On July 22, 2010, Google announced it would ramp up the speed at which it releases new stable versions; the release cycles were shortened from quarterly to six weeks for major Stable updates.[169] Beta channel releases now come roughly at the same rate as Stable releases, though approximately one month in advance, while Dev channel releases appear roughly once or twice weekly, allowing time for basic release-critical testing.[170] This faster release cycle also brought a fourth channel: the "Canary" channel, updated daily from a build produced at 09:00 UTC from the most stable of the last 40 revisions.[171] The name refers to the practice of using canaries in coal mines, so if a change "kills" Chrome Canary, it will be blocked from migrating down to the Developer channel, at least until fixed in a subsequent Canary build.[172] Canary is "the most bleeding-edge official version of Chrome and somewhat of a mix between Chrome dev and the Chromium snapshot builds". Canary releases run side-by-side with any other channel; it is not linked to the other Google Chrome installation and can therefore run different synchronization profiles, themes, and browser preferences. This ensures that fallback functionality remains even when some Canary update may contain release-breaking bugs.[173] It does not natively include the option to be the default browser, although on OS X it can be set through System Preferences. Canary was Windows-only at first; an OS X version was released on May 3, 2011.[174]

The Chrome beta channel for Android was launched on January 10, 2013; like Canary, it runs side-by-side with the stable channel for Android.[175][176] Chrome Dev for Android was launched on April 29, 2015.[177]

All Chrome channels are automatically distributed according to their respective release cycles. The mechanism differs by platform. On Windows, it uses Google Update, and auto-update can be controlled via Group Policy.[178] Alternatively, users may download a standalone installer of a version of Chrome that does not auto-update.[179][180] On OS X, it uses Google Update Service, and auto-update can be controlled via the OS X "defaults" system.[181] On Linux, it lets the system's normal package management system supply the updates. This auto-updating behavior is a key difference from Chromium, the non-branded open source browser which forms the core of Google Chrome. Because Chromium also serves as the pre-release development trunk for Chrome, its revisions are provided as source code and buildable snapshots are produced continuously with each new commit, requiring users to manage their own browser updates.[182]

Release version numbers

Releases are identified by a four-part version number, e.g. 42.0.2311.90 (Windows Stable release April 14, 2015[183]). The components are major.minor.build.patch.[184][185]

• Major represents a product release. These are scheduled 7–8 per year, unlike other software systems where the major version number updates only with substantial new content.
• Minor is usually 0. References to version 'x' or 'x.0', e.g. 42.0, refer to this major.minor designation.
• Build is ever increasing. For a release cycle, e.g. 42.0, there are several builds in the Canary and Developer period. The last build number from Developer is kept throughout Beta and Stable and is locked with the major.minor for that release.
• Patch resets with each build, incrementing with each patch. The first patch is 0, but usually the first publicly released patch is somewhat higher. In Beta and Stable, only patch increments.

Chromium and Chrome release schedules are linked through Chromium (Major) version Branch Point dates, published annually.[184] The Branch Points precede the final Chrome Developer build (initial) release by 4 days (nearly always) and the Chrome Stable initial release by roughly 53 days.[186]

Example: The version 42 Branch Point was February 20, 2015.[184] Developer builds stopped advancing at build 2311 with release 42.0.2311.4 on February 24,[187] 4 days later. The first Stable release, 42.0.2311.90, was April 14, 2015,[183] 53 days after the Branch Point.

Color management

Chrome supports color management by using the system-provided ICC v2 and v4 support on macOS, and from version 22 supports ICC v2 profiles by default on other platforms.[188]

T-Rex

In Chrome, when not connected to the Internet and an error message displaying "There is no Internet" is shown, on the top, an "8-bit" Tyrannosaurus rex is shown, but when pressing the space bar on a keyboard, mouse-clicking on it or tapping it on touch devices, the T-Rex instantly jumps once and dashes across a cactus-ridden desert, revealing it to be an Easter egg in the form of a platform game.[189][190][191][192] The game itself is an infinite runner, and there is no time limit in the game as it progresses faster and periodically tints to a black background. A school Chromebook administrator can disable the game.[193]

Platforms

Chrome runs on:

As of April 2016[update], stable 32-bit and 64-bit builds are available for Windows, with only 64-bit stable builds available for Linux and macOS.[195][196][197] 64-bit Windows builds became available in the developer channel and as canary builds on June 3, 2014,[198] in beta channel on July 30, 2014,[199] and in stable channel on August 26, 2014.[200] 64-bit OS X builds became available as canary builds on November 7, 2013,[201][202] in beta channel on October 9, 2014,[203] and in stable channel on November 18, 2014.[195]

Android

A beta version for Android 4.0 devices was launched on February 7, 2012, available for a limited number of countries from Google Play.[204]

Notable features: synchronization with desktop Chrome to provide the same bookmarks and view the same browser tabs,[205] page pre-rendering,[206] hardware acceleration.[207]

Many of the latest HTML5 features: almost all of the Web Platform's features: GPU-accelerated canvas, including CSS 3D Transforms, CSS animations, SVG, WebSocket (including binary messages), Dedicated Workers; it has overflow scroll support, strong HTML5 video support, and new capabilities such as IndexedDB, WebWorkers, Application Cache and the File APIs, date- and time-pickers, parts of the Media Capture API.[206][208] Also supports mobile oriented features such as Device Orientation and Geolocation.[208]

Mobile customizations: swipe gesture tab switching,[205] link preview allows zooming in on (multiple) links to ensure the desired one is clicked,[205] font size boosting to ensure readability regardless of the zoom level.[208]

Features missing in the mobile version include sandboxed tabs,[206][209] Safe Browsing,[206] apps or extensions,[207] Adobe Flash (now and in future),[207]Native Client.[207]

Development changes: remote debugging,[206][210] part of the browser layer has been implemented in Java, communicating with the rest of the Chromium and WebKit code through Java Native Bindings.[208] The code of Chrome for Android is a fork of the Chromium project. It is a priority to upstream most new and modified code to Chromium and WebKit to resolve the fork.[208]

The April 17, 2012 update, included the availability to access in 31 additional languages and in all countries where Google Play is available. A desktop version of a website can also be requested as opposed to a mobile version. In addition, Android users can now add bookmarks to their Android home screens if they choose and decide which apps should handle links opened in Chrome.[211]

On June 27, 2012, Google Chrome for Android exited beta and became stable.[212]

Chrome 18.0.1026311, released on September 26, 2012, was the first version of Chrome for Android to support mobile devices based on Intel x86.[213]

Starting from version 25, the Chrome version for Android is aligned with the desktop version, and usually new stable releases are available at the same time between the Android and the desktop version. Google released a separate Chrome for Android beta channel on January 10, 2013, with version 25.[175] As of 2013[update] a separate beta version of Chrome is available in the Google Play store – it can run side-by-side with the stable release.[214]

Chrome OS

Google Chrome is the basis of Google's Chrome OS operating system that ships on specific hardware from Google's manufacturing partners.[215] The user interface has a minimalist design resembling the Google Chrome browser. Chrome OS is aimed at users who spend most of their computer time on the Web; the only applications on the devices are a browser incorporating a media player and a file manager.[216][217][218][219][220]

Google announced Chrome OS on July 7, 2009.[221]

iOS

Chrome is available on Apple's mobile iOS operating system as Google Chrome for iOS. Released in the Apple App Store on June 26, 2012, it supports the iPad, iPhone, and iPod touch, and requires that the device has iOS 9.0 or greater installed.[222] In accordance with Apple's requirements for browsers released through their App Store, this version of Chrome uses the iOS WebKit – which is Apple's own mobile rendering engine and components, developed for their Safari browser – therefore it is restricted from using Google's own V8 JavaScript engine.[223][224] Chrome is the default web browser for the iOS Gmail application, but it cannot be used as the device-wide default application for opening webpages because Apple has not provided iOS users with the option to change the default from Safari.[225]

In a review by Chitika, Chrome was noted as having 1.5% of the iOS web browser market as of July 18, 2012.[226] In October 2013, Chrome had 3% of the iOS browser market.[227]

Linux

On Linux distributions, support for 32-bit Intel processors ended in March 2016.[228] As of Chrome version 26, Linux installations of the browser may be updated only on systems that support GCC v4.6 and GTK v2.24 or later. Thus deprecated systems include (for example) Debian 6's 2.20, and RHEL 6's 2.18.[229]

Windows

Support for Google Chrome on Windows XP and Windows Vista has ended as of April 2016.[230] The last release of Google Chrome that can be run on Windows XP and Windows Vista was version 49.0.2623.112 m,[231] released on April 7, 2016,[232] then re-released on April 11, 2016.[233]

In June 2012, the now discontinued "Windows 8 mode" was introduced to developer channel, which enables Windows 8 and 8.1 users to run Chrome with a full-screen, tablet-optimized interface, with access to snapping, sharing, and search functionalities.[234] In October 2013, Windows 8 mode on developer channel changed to use a desktop environment mimicking the interface of Chrome OS with a dedicated windowing system and taskbar for web apps.[235] This was discontinued as of version 49 and users that have upgraded to Windows 10 will lose this feature.[236]

macOS

Google dropped support for Mac OS X 10.5 after the release of Chrome 21.[237] Support for 32-bit versions of Chrome ended in October 2014, with Chrome 38 being the last supported 32-bit version.[238][239][195] Support for Mac OS X 10.6, 10.7, and 10.8 ended in April 2016 with the release of Chrome 50.[230]

Reception

Google Chrome was met with acclaim upon release. In 2008, Matthew Moore of The Daily Telegraph summarized the verdict of early reviewers: "Google Chrome is attractive, fast and has some impressive new features..."[240]

Initially, Microsoft reportedly played down the threat from Chrome and predicted that most people would embrace Internet Explorer 8. Opera Software said that "Chrome will strengthen the Web as the biggest application platform in the world".[241] But by February 25, 2010, BusinessWeek had reported that "For the first time in years, energy and resources are being poured into browsers, the ubiquitous programs for accessing content on the Web. Credit for this trend – a boon to consumers – goes to two parties. The first is Google, whose big plans for the Chrome browser have shaken Microsoft out of its competitive torpor and forced the software giant to pay fresh attention to its own browser, Internet Explorer. Microsoft all but ceased efforts to enhance IE after it triumphed in the last browser war, sending Netscape to its doom. Now it's back in gear."[242] Mozilla said that Chrome's introduction into the web browser market comes as "no real surprise", that "Chrome is not aimed at competing with Firefox", and furthermore that it would not affect Google's revenue relationship with Mozilla.[243][244]

Chrome's design bridges the gap between desktop and so-called "cloud computing." At the touch of a button, Chrome lets you make a desktop, Start menu, or QuickLaunch shortcut to any Web page or Web application, blurring the line between what's online and what's inside your PC. For example, I created a desktop shortcut for Google Maps. When you create a shortcut for a Web application, Chrome strips away all of the toolbars and tabs from the window, leaving you with something that feels much more like a desktop application than like a Web application or page.

Usage

Market share

  No info

Chrome overtook Firefox in November 2011, in worldwide usage. As of June 2016[update], according to StatCounter, Google Chrome had 62% worldwide desktop usage share, making it the most widely used web browser, while Firefox had 16% and Internet Explorer had 12%.[248][249]

Along with Safari and Mozilla Firefox, Chrome receives a weekend "bump", which boosts its market share by as much as three percentage points on week-ends, at the expense of Internet Explorer.[250]

It was reported by StatCounter, a web analytics company, that for the single day of Sunday, March 18, 2012, Chrome was the most used web browser in the world for the first time. Chrome secured 32.7% of the global web browsing on that day, while Internet Explorer followed closely behind with 32.5%.[251]

From May 14–21, 2012, Google Chrome was for the first time responsible for more Internet traffic than Microsoft's Internet Explorer, which long had held its spot as the most used web browser in the world.[252] According to StatCounter, 31.88% of web traffic was generated by Chrome for a sustained period of one week and 31.47% by Internet Explorer. Though Chrome had topped Internet Explorer for single day's usage in the past, this was the first time it had led for one full week.[253]

At the 2012 Google I/O developers' conference, Google claimed that there were 310 million active users of Chrome, almost double the number in 2011, which was stated as 160 million active users.[254]

In June 2013, according to StatCounter, Chrome overtook Internet Explorer for the first time in the US.[255]

In August 2013, Chrome was used by 43% of internet users worldwide. This study was done by Statista, which also noted that in North America, 36% of people use Chrome, the lowest in the world.[256]

As of February 2018[update], Chrome is most used browser in virtually all countries, with most exceptions in Africa.[20]

Enterprise deployment

In December 2010, Google announced that to make it easier for businesses to use Chrome they would provide an official Chrome MSI package. For business use it is helpful to have full-fledged MSI packages that can be customized via transform files (.mst) – but the MSI provided with Chrome is only a very limited MSI wrapper fitted around the normal installer, and many businesses find that this arrangement does not meet their needs.[258] The normal downloaded Chrome installer puts the browser in the user's local app data directory and provides invisible background updates, but the MSI package will allow installation at the system level, providing system administrators control over the update process[259] – it was formerly possible only when Chrome was installed using Google Pack. Google also created group policy objects to fine tune the behavior of Chrome in the business environment, for example by setting automatic updates interval, disabling auto-updates, and configuring a home page.[260] Until version 24 the software is known not to be ready for enterprise deployments with roaming profiles or Terminal Server/Citrix environments.[261]

Chromium

In September 2008, Google released a large portion of Chrome's source code as an open-source project called Chromium. This move enabled third-party developers to study the underlying source code and to help port the browser to the macOS and Linux operating systems. The Google-authored portion of Chromium is released under the permissive BSD license.[262] Other portions of the source code are subject to a variety of open-source licenses.[263] Chromium is similar to Chrome, but lacks built-in automatic updates and built-in Flash player, as well as Google branding and has a blue-colored logo instead of the multicolored Google logo.[264][265] Chromium does not implement user RLZ tracking.[102][98][266] Initially, the Google Chrome PDF viewer, PDFium, was excluded from Chromium, but was later made open-source in May 2014.[267][268] PDFium can be used to fill PDF forms.[269]

Developing for Chrome

It is possible to develop applications, extensions, and themes for Chrome. They are zipped in a .crx file and contain a manifest file that specifies basic information (such as version, name, description, privileges, etc.), and other files for the user interface (icons, popups, etc.). Google has an official developer's guide.[270] Chrome has its own web store where users and developers can upload and download these applications and extensions.[271]

See also

Notes

References

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External links

en.wikipedia.org

Google Chrome — Википедия

Google Chrome — браузер, Google компания бла разработка этилиу эмда сайтланы кегюзтюр ючюн WebKit движок бла ишлейди. Биринчи бета-версия Microsoft Windowsгъа 2 сентябрь да 2008 джылда, а биринчи стабил — 11 декабрьда 2008 джыл. «StatCounter» джазгъангъа кере браузер ючюнчю орунну алыб турады, а рынокда белюмю июнь айны ортасына 2010 джылда 9,16 %.[1]

Биринчи Chrome къуру Microsoft Windows ха чыкъгъан эди, кечирек (9 декабрь2009 джылда) dev- эмда beta-версияла чыкъдыла[2][3]GNU/Linux эмда Mac OS X операциялы системалагъа. Биринчи ол ОС-лени сборкаланы толу функциялары джокъ эди Windows версиялада ча, артдан 5.х версиясы чыкъгъалай функциялары бирча болдула. [4].

Анонсу[тюрлендир | кодну тюрлендир]

2 сентябрьда [[2008 джыл] компания Google кесини браузерин Chrome атыбла чыгъаргъанын билдирди.

Чыгъыу[тюрлендир | кодну тюрлендир]

Биринчи бета версиясы браузерни Microsoft Windowsха деб чыгъарылды (XP эмда андан кеч версиялагъа) 2 сентябрьда 2008 джыл, 43 тилде эди.[5] Биринчи сагъатлада джагъы чыкъгъандан сора Google ге джюзлебла письмо-ла ийгендиле браузени терсликлерин юсюнден.[6]

Chrome дженгил рынокну 1 % -ин алды , къуру Microsoft Windows-ха этилгенине къарамай.[7][8][9][10] 2008 джылны октябрьге 0,69 % -ге дерю тюшдю белюмю. Артдан энтда есюб тебреди, 2008 джылны декабрьда, Chrome 1 % белюмге джетеди.

Есюу[тюрлендир | кодну тюрлендир]

Команда разработчиков Chrome решила использовать в своем браузере движок WebKit, как им посоветовала команда Android. Как и большинство других браузеров Chrome был протестирован внутри компании перед выпуском.

Первая версия Google Chrome полностью прошла Acid1 и Acid2 тесты, но не Acid3 (только 79/100 тестов). Начиная с версии 4.0 Chrome проходит все тесты.

Google Chrome направлен на повышение безопасности, скорости и стабильности. 9 июня 2009 года разработчики Google Chrome в своём интервью для неофициального сообщества пользователей обозначили стратегию дальнейшего развития своего продукта, которая заключается в том, что браузер будет иметь максимально высокую скорость работы и минимально допустимый функционал, а все дополнительные функции планируется внедрять при помощи расширений.[11]

Безопасность[тюрлендир | кодну тюрлендир]

Chrome периодически загружает обновления из двух чёрных списков (один для фишинг сайтов и один для сайтов содержащих вредоносное ПО) и предупреждает пользователя, когда тот пытается посетить вредоносный сайт.

Chrome, как правило, создаёт для каждой вкладки отдельный процесс, чтобы не допустить ситуации при которой содержимое одной вкладки имеет возможность влиять на содержимое другой (так же, в случае, если процесс обработки содержимого вкладки зависнет, его можно будет завершить без риска потери данных других вкладок).[12] Процессу вкладки даётся наименьшее число привилегий, процесс может совершать вычисления, но не может производить чтение или запись. Образно выражаясь, вкладка находится в песочнице.

Как правило, плагины (наиболее популярный Adobe Flash Player), не являются частью браузера и не могут быть встроены в песочницу. 30 марта 2010 года Google объявил, что вскоре Adobe Flash будет встроен в браузер, что избавляет пользователя от необходимости загружать и устанавливать его. Обновляться Flash Player будет также автоматически.[13]

При загрузке исполняемого файла (например, с расширением EXE, DLL или BAT) сначала необходимо подтвердить загрузку, нажав кнопку Сохранить, которая появляется на панели загрузок. Это позволяет предотвратить автоматическую загрузку вредоносного программного обеспечения на компьютер.

Браузер поддерживает режим инкогнито. Страницы, которые просматриваются в окне в режиме инкогнито, не появятся в истории браузера или истории поиска, а также не оставят на компьютере других следов, таких как файлы cookie, они автоматически удаляются когда пользователь закроет это окно. Тем не менее, все файлы, которые будут загружены, или закладки, которые будут созданы, останутся в целости и сохранности. Как предупреждает сам браузер, переход в режим инкогнито не влияет на поведение других пользователей, серверов или программ и не позволяет защититься от:

• Веб-сайтов, которые собирают информацию о вас или передают её другим
• Поставщиков услуг Интернета или их сотрудников, которые отслеживают, какие страницы вы посещаете
• Вредоносного ПО, которое отслеживает нажатие клавиш клавиатуры в обмен на бесплатные смайлики
• Слежки тайными агентами
• Людей, которые стоят у вас за спиной

Скорость[тюрлендир | кодну тюрлендир]

В Chrome для обработки сценариев JavaScript используется движок V8. Согласно тесту скорости, время выполнения скриптов в Chrome 2.0.172.33 в 2,1 раза больше времени выполнения скриптов в Safari 4.0.2 (530.19.1).[14] У браузеров Firefox, Opera и Internet Explorer этот показатель ещё хуже (Firefox 3.5 в 2,2 раза медленнее Safari 4.0.2, Opera 9.64 (10487) — в 2,6 раза, IE8 — в 4,6).

Стабильность[тюрлендир | кодну тюрлендир]

В Chrome используется многопроцессная архитектура и каждой вкладке или плагину, в большинстве случаев, соответствует отдельный процесс. Эта процедура называется изоляцией процессов, которая исключает вероятность того, что вкладки будут мешать друг другу.[15] Так же злоумышленник, используя одну вкладку, не сможет подсмотреть, что происходит в другой, и, если на одной вкладке произойдет сбой, то это не помешает работе всего браузера - нужно будет просто завершить эту вкладку.

Chrome включает в себя диспетчер задач, который позволяет посмотреть как сайты и плагины используют оперативную память, процессор и загружают интернет-канал пользователя, а также позволяет завершить их.

Интерфейс[тюрлендир | кодну тюрлендир]

По умолчанию интерфейс Google Chrome включает кнопки: назад, вперед, обновить, добавить текущую страницу в закладки, перейти к странице/остановить загрузку, перейти на главную страницу (домой). Кнопка перехода на главную страницу может быть отключена.

Панель вкладок является основным компонентом интерфейса и находится в верхней части окна, а не под строкой адреса. Это изменение выглядит достаточно контрастно по сравнению со многими другими браузерами. Вкладка легким перетаскиванием на свободное место может быть перенесена в отдельное окно (возможен также и обратный вариант). Каждая вкладка имеет свой собственный набор элементов, в том числе Omnibox.

Omnibox это адресная строка, которая находится наверху каждой вкладки, она совмещает в себе адресную строку и строку поиска. Omnibox перенаправляет запрос в поисковую систему, в том случае, если адрес не соответствует правилам написания URL — к примеру не содержит точек, имени протокола, косых черт, содержит пробелы в начале адреса и т. д. При вводе поискового запроса Google используя функцию поиска в Интернете «Мне повезет» предлагает первый по списку URL адрес (например, при вводе в адресную строку слова «яндекс» браузер автоматически предложит вариант «www.yandex.ru»). Так же автодополнение предлагается поиском по закладкам и истории ранее посещенных страниц. В браузере возможен вызов различных поисковых машин прямо из адресной строки. Для этого надо ввести сокращение для данной поисковой машины (например, букву 'g' для google), затем нажать клавишу «Tab» и ввести поисковый запрос. При посещении сайтов браузер автоматически копирует оттуда строку поисковых запросов и в следующий раз при вводе этого сайта автоматически будет предложен поиск с использование его поисковой системы.

Одна из отличительных черт Chrome является страница быстрого доступа, которая может заменять домашнюю страницу и открывается при создании новой вкладки. На странице быстрого доступа содержится 8 наиболее посещаемых веб-сайтов (отображаются в виде маленьких снимков веб-страниц), недавно закрытые вкладки, советы по использованию Chrome и синхронизация закладок.[16] По желанию пользователь может изменить внешний вид страницы, добавив или удалив одну из опций.

Chrome имеет менеджер закладок доступный из меню. Слева от Omnibox имеется кнопка (на ней изображена звёздочка), при нажатии на которую текущая страница добавляется в закладки.[17] На данный момент эта функция не доступна в версиях Chrome на платформах Linux и Mac.[18] В 6-ой версии эта кнопка была убрана вместе с опцией в параметрах, а звёздочка переместилась в правую часть Omnibox, как у Mozilla Firefox.

Окно «Параметры Google Chrome» содержит три вкладки: «Основные», «Личные материалы» и «Расширенные». Вкладка «Основные» содержит настройки: домашней страницы, поисковых систем и браузера по умолчанию. Вкладка «Личные материалы» содержит настройки: синхронизации закладок, сохранение паролей, автозаполнение форм, возможность импорта из другого браузера и настройку тем. Вкладка «Расширенные» содержит настройки: конфиденциальности, сети, переводчика, загрузок и безопасности.

Chrome позволяет пользователю создавать локальные ярлыки на приложения (а именно их страницы). При запуске такого ярлыка страница, на которую он ведет, открывается в Chrome, но без элементов интерфейса (за исключением заголовка).

При загрузке файла с веб-сайта в нижней части вкладки появляется панель загрузок, на которой отображается ход загрузки файла. Список всех загруженных файлов находится на странице загрузок.

Темы[тюрлендир | кодну тюрлендир]

Начиная с версии 3.0, пользователи могут установить темы изменяющие внешний вид браузера. Была создана галерея, которая включала себя как темы от Google, так и темы от третьих лиц.

Расширения[тюрлендир | кодну тюрлендир]

Расширения Google Chrome позволяют расширить возможности и функции браузера. Та или иная функция может быть полезна для некоторых людей, но не для всех. Расширения позволяют добавлять в Google Chrome только нужные возможности, избегая накопления функций, которые не используются. Google создал специальную галерею расширений от третьих лиц.

Впервые расширения появились в стабильной версии Chrome 4.0, а галерея была официально открыта 25 января 2010 года. На момент открытия в ней было уже 1500 расширений.

Автоматический перевод веб-страниц[тюрлендир | кодну тюрлендир]

Функция перевода страниц стала доступна начиная с версии 4.1.249.1036 (от 17 марта 2010 года).

При посещении страниц, язык которых отличен от используемого в интерфейсе Google Chrome, в верхней части страницы автоматически появляется панель с предложением перевести веб-страницу.

Данная функция использует сервис Google Translate. Пользователь может выбрать язык и сайт, содержание которых в будущем переводить не требуется. Также пользователь может полностью отключить функцию перевода в настройках.

Каналы и процесс обновления[тюрлендир | кодну тюрлендир]

8 января 2009 года Google представил три канала обновления: Stable (стабильный), Beta (бета), Developer (для разработчиков). До внесения этого изменения было только два канала: Beta и Developer. Это было сделано с целью того, чтобы пользователи получали более стабильные версии.

Google Chrome автоматически обновляется при обнаружении новой версии браузера. Процесс обновления происходит в фоновом режиме и не требует от пользователя никаких действий. Если Google Chrome был открыт во время обновления, достаточно закрыть и открыть браузер для запуска новой версии.[19]

Инструменты для веб-мастеров[тюрлендир | кодну тюрлендир]

Веб-инспектор: Для запуска необходимо, нажать правой кнопкой мыши на любом компоненте веб-страницы и выбрать «Просмотр кода элемента». Появится диалоговое окно, в котором указываются элементы и ресурсы, связанные с этим компонентом. Также имеется возможность, просмотреть иерархическое представление модели DOM и консоль JavaScript. (Чтобы открыть консоль JavaScript, нужно нажать среднюю кнопку в нижней части. В ОС Windows, также можно открыть меню Страница > Разработчикам > Консоль JavaScript.)

Диспетчер задач: Для запуска необходимо: открыть меню «Страница» и выбрать «Разработчикам» (в ОС Windows). Выбрать «Диспетчер задач». Также можно воспользоваться быстрыми клавишами Shift + Escape. В диспетчере задач показываются все процессы, запущенные в Google Chrome, и используемые этими процессами ресурсы (память, процессор и сеть).

Отладчик JavaScript: Для запуска необходимо: открыть меню «Страница» и выбрать «Разработчикам» (в ОС Windows). Выбрать «Отладка JavaScript». Откроется командная строка отладчика JavaScript, который можно использовать для отладки запущенных процессов.

Другие инструменты: Для запуска необходимо: ввести любую из перечисленных ниже команд в адресной строке для просмотра дополнительной информации.

• about:
• about:dns
• about:plugins
• about:memory
• view-source:[URL]
• about:cache
• about:version

Статистика использования[тюрлендир | кодну тюрлендир]

Chrome автоматически отправляет информацию об использовании браузера в Google. Часть механизмов сбора подобной информации может быть отключена пользователем, а часть — нет.[20]

Лицензии[тюрлендир | кодну тюрлендир]

Браузер распространяется на условиях специальной собственнической лицензии EULA.

Часть кода браузера[21][22], или весь код[23] открыт под названием Chromium под лицензией типа BSD и другими.

Примерно до 4 сентября EULA содержало абзац, дававший Google безотзывную неисключительную лицензию на безвозмездное использование, создание производных работ, распространение и публикацию в рекламных целях всей передаваемой через браузер информации. Подобные абзацы также были, например, в соглашениях ICQ и Facebook, а в данном случае оно взято из «Условий оказания Услуг Google».[24] После критики в блогах и на Slashdot данный абзац был убран из соглашения браузера.[25][26]

Шаблон:Google Шаблон:Браузеры Шаблон:FOSS

krc.wikipedia.org

Chromium (web browser) - Wikipedia

Chromium is an open-source Web browser project started by Google, to provide the source code for the proprietary Google Chrome browser.[5] The two browsers share the majority of code and features, though there are some minor differences in features and logos, and they have different licensing.

The Chromium Project takes its name from the element chromium, the metal from which chrome plating is made.[6] Google's intention, as expressed in the developer documentation, was that Chromium would be the name of the open-source development project and that the final product's name would be Chrome;[7] however, other developers have taken the Chromium code and released versions under the Chromium name.

One of the major aims of the project is for Chromium to be a tabbed window manager, or shell for the Web, as opposed to it being a traditional browser application. The application is designed to have a minimalist user interface. The developers state that it "should feel lightweight (cognitively and physically) and fast".[8]

Differences from Google Chrome[edit]

Chromium is the name given to the open-source project and the browser source code released and maintained by the Chromium Project, which is headed by Google developers, with input from community developers.[9] It is possible to download the source code and build it manually on many platforms.

In comparison to Chromium, Google Chrome:

• Is compiled, linked and packaged into an installer
• Has an auto-update system (some, such as the Debian or Ubuntu community builds of Chromium, rely on the package management system of the OS as an alternative)
• Has an integrated PPAPI version of Adobe Flash Player.[10] This can be downloaded and installed separately in Chromium.
• Has licensed media codecs to support the patent-encumbered H.264 and AAC formats. These can be downloaded and installed separately in Chromium. By default, Chromium only supports Vorbis, MP3, Theora and WebM formats for the HTML5 Audio and HTML5 video tags.[11] Due to the way Chromium implements support for media formats, it is difficult to split up codecs to ship legally dangerous ones from ones that are safe to ship without paying for patent licenses. It relies on an FFmpeg-based library that contains the codecs with which it was built, instead of modularizing them into a plug-in based system like GStreamer does. Because of this, Fedora ships the library containing legally safe codecs, but allows for the user to install a "Freeworld" package from somewhere else (RPM Fusion, for example) to override the default library, so that users who live where software patents don't apply can make full use of Chromium.
• Supports Widevine, a digital rights management (DRM) module. A dummy package that doesn't enable Widevine support is built by default for Chromium.[12]
• Disables extensions not hosted on the Chrome Web Store for macOS and Windows users on all Chrome channels[13]
• Bears the Google and Google Chrome brand names and logos, both of which are registered trademarks[14][15][16]
• Features an opt-in option for users to send Google their usage statistics and crash reports
• Implements RLZ tracking when Chrome is downloaded as part of marketing promotions and distribution partnerships. This transmits information in encoded form to Google, including both when and from where Chrome was downloaded. In June 2010, Google confirmed that the RLZ tracking token is not present in Chromium or Chrome versions downloaded from the Google website directly. The RLZ source code was also made open-source at the same time, so that developers can confirm what it is and how it works.[17]
• Licensed as freeware, as opposed to free and open-source[18]

Licensing[edit]

The Google-authored portion of Chromium is released under the BSD license,[19] with other parts being subject to a variety of different open-source licenses, including the MIT License, the LGPL, the Ms-PL and an MPL/GPL/LGPL tri-license.[20]

History[edit]

Chromium is the open-source project that is the basis for Google Chrome and the histories of the two are intertwined. Chromium itself is available for most Linux distributions, while Chrome is a stable release with modified source base from Google.

Release version numbers[edit]

Releases are identified by a four-part version number, e.g. 47.0.2491.0 (Chromium 47 initial release 23 August 2015).[21] The components are major.minor.build.patch.[22]

A Major.minor branch point schedule is published.[22] Branch points occur roughly every 6–7 weeks.[23] The published dates are a last branch date of each Chromium (Major) release and are tied to the Google Chrome development cycle. They lag the initial Chromium release by about 40 days and precede the next by about 2. Details are described in Chrome Release cycles.

2008[edit]

Google Chrome was introduced in September 2008, and along with its release, the Chromium source code was also made available allowing builds to be constructed from it. The initial code release included builds for Windows and macOS, and a build for Linux, at a very early stage of development and lacking complete functionality. Chromium 1.0 was released in December 2008 and with it Chrome was removed from beta status for Windows only.[24][25]

Upon its first release in September 2008 Chromium was criticized for storing saved passwords in a manner so that any casual user of a computer can easily read them from the GUI. Chromium Users have filed many bug reports and feature requests asking for a master password option to access stored passwords, but Chromium developers have consistently insisted that this provides no real security against knowledgeable hackers. Users have argued that it would protect against co-workers or family members borrowing a computer and seeing the stored passwords in clear text. In December 2009, Chromium developer P. Kasting stated: "A master password was issue 1397. That issue is closed. We will not implement a master password. Not now, not ever. Arguing for it won't make it happen. 'A bunch of people would like it' won't make it happen. Our design decisions are not democratic. You cannot always have what you want."[26][27]

2009[edit]

In January 2009 the first development versions of Chromium 2.0 were made available, featuring a bookmark manager and support for non-standard CSS features, including gradients, reflections and masks.[28]

In May 2009 the first alpha Linux version of Chromium was made available. In reviewing that alpha version Ryan Paul said that it was "still missing features and [has] lots of rendering bugs, but it is clearly moving in the right direction." The first developer releases for Chrome on the Linux and macOS platforms were made available in June 2009, although they were in a very early stage and lacked Adobe Flash, privacy settings, the ability to set the default search provider and even printing at that point. In July 2009 Chromium incorporated native theming for Linux, using the GTK+ toolkit to allow it fit into the GNOME desktop environment.[29][30][31][32]

Chromium 3.0 was released on 28 May 2009 as version 3.0.182.2.[33][34] Chrome 3.0 followed in September 2009 and introduced a much faster JavaScript engine, a system for user-selectable themes, improvements to the Omnibox and a redesigned new tab display page.[35]

Chromium 4.0.212.0 was the first Chromium 4.0 version and appeared on 22 September 2009[33][36] with Chrome 4.0 publicly released in December 2009. Both brought support for extensions, plus synchronization of bookmarks along with Chrome beta versions for macOS and Linux. The all-platform market penetration of Chrome/Chromium 4.0 combined was at 6.73% by the end of April 2010.[37][38][39][40]

Gentoo Linux has had Chromium in the official repository since September 2009.[41]FreeBSD has had Chromium available since late 2009 and a port has been available from the FreeBSD ports system since late 2010.[42][43]OpenBSD has had Chromium available for i386 and amd64 platforms since late 2009.[44] Although OpenBSD supports many browsers,[45] recent releases only officially highlight Chromium and Firefox.[46]

2010[edit]

Chromium 5.0 was released on 26 January 2010 with 5.0.306.0 as the initial version.[33][47] Google Chrome 5.0 followed on 25 May 2010 and provided stable (non-beta) releases for all platforms. At that time the web magazine, OMG! Ubuntu!, reported that Chrome/Chromium usage was at 36.53% for Linux browsers, compared to 55.52% for Firefox and 2.82% for Opera.[38][48][49][50]

Lubuntu used Chromium as the default browser since its first release, Lubuntu 10.04 in April 2010, until Lubuntu 13.10 in October 2013 when it moved to Firefox instead.[51]Ubuntu started offering Chromium through the Ubuntu Software Center starting with Ubuntu 10.04 LTS as part of the 'universe' repository. The initial version available in April 2010 was 5.0.342.9, with brand new versions delivered as updates.[52]Puppy Linux has had Chromium available starting with Chromium 5.0.342 on Lucid Puppy 5.0.0, based on the Ubuntu application repository.[53]Maemo, Nokia's former mobile operating system, offered a proof-of-concept version of Chromium with an unmodified user interface which was released on 11 April 2010.[54]

Chromium 6.0 was introduced in May 2010 with the first release version 6.0.397.0. In July 2010 Chromium 6 daily builds introduced new features focusing on user interface minimalism, including a unified single page and tools menu, no home button by default (although user configurable), no "go button", a combined "reload/stop" button, bookmark bar deactivated by default, an integratedPDF reader, WebM and VP8 support for use with HTML5 video, and a smarter URL bar.[33][55][56] Chrome 6 was released in both a stable and beta version on 2 September 2010 as version 6.0.472.53. The switch to 6.0 brought security fixes, a slightly updated user interface, improvements to form autofilling, synchronizing of both extensions and autofill data, along with increased speed and stability.[57]

Chromium 7.0 was released on 17 August 2010, with 7.0.497.0 as the first version made available. This version boosted HTML5 performance to double the speed of Chromium 6. It also added hardware acceleration, which speeds up the browser in complex graphics situations by a factor of 225 times, integration of instant search, UI Tabs to move all the remaining user interface windows into the browser tabs, including the "options" menu, and is 3% faster JavaScript performance.[33][58][59][60]

7 October 2010 marked the release of Chromium 8.0, seven and a half weeks after that of Chromium 7. The initial release in this series was version 8.0.549.0. The development of Chromium 8.0 focused on improved integration into Chrome OS and improved cloud features. These include background web applications, host remoting (allowing users centrally to control features and settings on other computers) and cloud printing.[33][60] On 12 January 2011 versions of Chrome and Chromium prior to version 8.0.552.237 were identified by US-CERT as "contain[ing] multiple memory corruption vulnerabilities. These vulnerabilities include a stack corruption vulnerability in the PDF renderer component, two memory corruption vulnerabilities in the Vorbis decoder and a video frame size error resulting in a bad memory access ... By convincing a user to view a specially crafted HTML document, PDF file, or video file, an attacker can cause the application to crash or possibly execute arbitrary code." This vulnerability was publicized after Chrome version 8.0.552.237 was released fixing these problems, to alert users to upgrade versions as soon as possible.[61]

Chromium 9.0 was released on 23 October 2010, just 16 days after Chromium 8.0, with 9.0.562.0 as the initial version. The new version introduced an infobar refresh feature with the aim of preventing website spoofing attacks. Reviewer Wolfgang Gruener noted that the first builds of Chrome 9 have now doubled in size between Chrome 3 and Chrome 9 to a compressed download of 28.2 MB, calling it "notably more bloated". Gruener also criticized the seemingly arbitrary numbering breaks between major versions, saying, "even by more progressive standards, the version numbering may be a bit excessive. By the end of this year, Google will have gone through seven or eight different browser versions. Some may doubt the benefit of that strategy."[33][62] Chromium 9 introduced two new test features in November 2010 intended to load web pages more quickly, "pre-rendering" and "false start", plus sandboxing for Adobe Flash. Stable releases of Chrome and Chromium were version 9.0.597.84 and included features such as Instant Search which allows the URL bar to act through Google Instant when Google is the default search. Other features included GPU/hardware acceleration, default 3D graphics though WebGL and access to the Chrome Web Storeon the New Tab page.[63][64][65]

Chromium 10.0 was released on 3 December 2010, with 10.0.601.0 as the initial version. It introduced 18 new features, including "Instant Type" searching and "GPU accelerated compositing". Development of "Webpage pre-rendering" was reduced to an inactive while selectable "snap start" was introduced.[33][66]

2011[edit]

Chromium 11.0 was released on 28 January 2011, with 11.0.652.0 as the initial version. Development work in this version centered on cleaning up the settings menu, including the Sync menu and eliminating all checkboxes. Reviewer Wolfgang Gruener said "The Settings menu isn't quite as messy anymore and looks much more like what you would expect from a professionally designed software." Language and spell checking support was expanded to 100 languages. Chromium 11 used WebKit 534.18 and V8 3.1.1 which resulted in improved speed in JavaScript and other benchmark tests. In early testing Chromium 11 was faster than Firefox 4 in V8 and Kraken benchmarks, but was 12% slower than Internet Explorer 9 in Sunspider tests.[33][65]

In February 2011, Google's Jeff Chang announced to Chromium developers that Google was considering further large-scale interface changes. Under consideration were eliminating the "Omnibox" URL bar and combining the two line layout which has tabs on one line and navigation buttons, menu and URL bar on a second line into one single line, thus freeing up more screen space for content. (Such a layout was later adopted by Internet Explorer 9.) Chang acknowledged that this would result in URLs not always being visible to the user, that navigation controls and menus may lose their context and that the resulting single line could be quite crowded. Other proposed changes include being able to log into multiple accounts in different windows and improved URL suggestions from the user's history.[67] By the middle of 2011, after some experimentation, the developers decided that eliminating the URL bar was too risky and shelved the idea.[68] Chromium 11 also introduced a new simplified 2D logo that replaced the 3D style logo used from the project since its inception.[69]

Mageia first offered Chromium 11 in Mageia v1 during 2011.[70][71]

Chromium 12.0 was released on 11 March 2011, with 12.0.700.0 as the first version. Initial changes in the first versions of Chromium 12 included about:flags updates of test features, incorporating an fps counter for hardware acceleration benchmarks, a P2P API interface that may indicate future platform data exchange features, an enhanced URL bar and small changes to the tabs. Chromium 12 incorporated WebKit 534.24 and V8 javascript engine version 3.2.1.1. It is anticipated that a URL bar web app launcher will be added during the development cycle. Early in the Chromium 12 cycle the history quick provider was introduced. This feature automatically searches the browser history for websites visited in the past 72 hours looking for matching page titles and URLs. It also searches through URLs that have been typed at least twice and URLs that have been visited at least four times ever.[33][72]

In March 2011 Google announced directions for the project for the year, including a plan for seven new major versions, planning to end the year with Chrome 17 out. Development priorities will focus on reducing the browser's size, integrating web applications and plug-ins, cloud capabilities and touch interface. The size is a concern to developers, who have noted that Chrome 1 was 9.0 MB in Windows download size, compared to Chrome 10 for Windows at 26.2 MB, as a result they have created a "bloat taskforce". Larger download sizes are a problem for a number of reasons, as Chrome Developer Ian Fette explained: "1. We do distribution deals with Chrome, where we bundle Chrome with other products. These get difficult when our binary grows. 2. We see increased download failures/ install dropoffs as the binary grows, especially in countries with poor bandwidth like India. India also happens to be a very good market for Chrome (we have good market share there and growing), so that's also very problematic."[73][74]

With the release of Chromium 12.0.742.0 on 19 April 2011 the interface incorporated many changes, the most significant since Chromium 6 was released. A multi-profile button was introduced allowing users to log into multiple Google and other accounts in the same browser instance. The new tab page was also redesigned and separated into four horizontally scrollable screens, providing access to most visited pages, Google apps, plus two identified pages. The page reload button was also redesigned along with minor changes to the URL bar. The first stable version of Chrome and Chromium 12 released was 12.0.742.91 which brought malware detection and support for hardware-accelerated 3D CSS transforms.[75][76]

Chromium 13.0 was released on 26 April 2011, with 13.0.748.0 as the initial version.[33] Early versions of Chromium 13 included a menu button to enable users to switch between multiple Google profiles, multi-selection of tabs and an improved omnibox engine. This version also included several minor GUI changes, including a slightly lightened menu bar.[77] By early May 2011 the results of Google's attempts to reduce the file size of Chromium were already being noted. Much of the early work in this area concentrated on shrinking the size of WebKit, by removing Wireless Markup Language (WML), the Image Resizer, datagrids and the Android build system. The largest Chromium nightly build was 35.3 MB on 15 April 2011, but this was reduced to 29.9 MB by 20 April 2011.[78] Later builds of Chromium and Chrome in mid-May 2011 introduced the optional "compact navigation view", aimed at mobile device users. This view combined the tabs, URL bar and menu bar into one bar, by making the URL bar hide when not in use, thus saving 30 pixels of vertical space.[79][80]

Chromium 14.0 was released on 2 June 2011, with 14.0.783.0 as the initial version. This initial version included about:flags testing support for preload instant search, permitting the user to preload the default search engine used in instant search and GPU-acceleration on all pages. Default changes includes 2D-accelerated canvas and the task manager incorporated a frames-per-second counter. There was also support for the Page Visibility API. By the time development of Chromium 14 had been completed and Chrome 14 stable released this version also incorporated Mac OS X Lion scrollbar compatibility and "presentation mode". It also had support for the new Web Audio API and Google Native Client (NaCl) which permits native code supplied by third parties as platform-neutral binaries to be securely executed within the browser itself.[33][81][82]

Chromium 15.0 was released on 28 July 2011, with 15.0.837.0 as the initial version. Work in this version included integrating the profiles and synchronization features, including moving synchronization into the main menu and introducing a profile manager. Synchronization data will be encrypted by default. Chromium 15 also expands webpage pre-rendering. Dan Bailey of Conceivably Tech stated about this version and the development of it, "it is obvious that Google is plugging along and is fine-tuning its browser … Chrome isn't surrendering its perception of the most advanced browser today anytime soon." As development wound up in early September 2011 Chromium 15 also gained a "self-crashing" feature that crashes the browser if a close command is not completed in 25 seconds, smooth scrolling when using the space bar, automatic pre- and auto-logins to Google's own web pages, task bar logos to show different profiles, greatly enhanced synchronization customization, including optional search engine synchronization and improvements to the prerendering process.[33][83][84]

Chromium 16.0 was released on 10 September 2011, with 16.0.877.0 as the initial version.[33] Early in the development of version 16 an experimental Offscreen Tabs Module was incorporated which allows simultaneous user interaction with multiple web pages. This version for macOS included a move to Google's Skia 2D graphics library in place of Apple's core graphics as previously used. This aligned Chromium for macOS with the Windows and Linux versions.[85][86]

Chromium 17.0 was released on 19 October 2011, with the initial release version 17.0.913.0.[33] This version introduced HTTP pipelining as a test feature to increase web page load speed, starting with build 106364. Development on Chromium 17 near the end of November 2011 included the Gamepad API, specifically intended to allow game inputs from joysticks and other gaming-oriented pointing devices. Other work included being able to move profile icons directly to the desktop in Windows.[87][88]

Chromium 18.0 was released on 7 December 2011, with the initial release version 18.0.964.0.[33] Nightly builds of Chromium 18 showed that this cycle included work on menu organization. In January 2012 the builds reworked the Options menu to eliminate the Basics, Personal Stuff and Under the Hood pages and unite them into one menu named options. The new menu simplifies selections and hides privacy and proxy settings and security certificate management. Additional features included omnibox suggestion visualization.[89]

2012[edit]

Chromium 19.0 was released on 2 February 2012, with the initial release version 19.0.1028.0.[33] Support for Android was added. Chromium 19 development led to the release of Chrome 19.0.1084.46 on 15 May 2012, which incorporated many bug fixes along with a tab synchronization feature that allowed users to have the same tabs open on Chrome on different devices through "signing into Chrome".[90][91][92]

Chromium 20.0 was released on 29 March 2012, with the initial release version 20.0.1086.0. This development cycle resulted in the release of Google Chrome 20.0.1132.43 on 26 June 2012, which was predominately a bug-fix update with few new features.[33][93][94]

Chromium 21.0 was released on 11 May 2012, with the initial release version 21.0.1134.0. This development cycle resulted in Google Chrome21.0.1180.57 for macOS and Linux and Chrome 21.0.1180.60 for Windows and Chrome Frame, released on 31 July 2012. Chrome 21 incorporated a new API to enable high-quality video and audio communication, complete support for Apple's retina display and a large number of bug fixes. The release included the getUserMedia JavaScript API, which permits web applications access the user's webcam and microphone after asking permission to do so.[33][95][96]

Chromium 22.0 was released on 21 June 2012, with the initial release version 22.0.1181.0. This development cycle resulted in the release of Google Chrome 22.0.1229.79 on 25 September 2012. It incorporated Mouse Lock API availability for JavaScript, Windows 8 and HiDPI/Retina improvements, and many security and bug fixes.[33][97]

Chromium 23.0 was released on 9 August 2012, with the initial release version 23.0.1231.0.[33] This development cycle resulted in the release of Chrome 23.0.1271.64 on 6 November 2012, which incorporated easier website permissions, plus GPU accelerated video decoding for Windows.[98]

Chromium 24.0 was released on 20 September 2012, with the initial release version 24.0.1272.0.[33][99] This development cycle resulted in the release of Chrome 24.0.1312.52 on 10 January 2013, which incorporated support for MathML which allows mathematical equations to be displayed, HTML 5 datalists for date and time and a large number of security and bug fixes.[100] This release marked a total of a 26% increase in page loading speed achieved in the releases over the previous 12 months.[101]

Chromium 25.0 was released on 1 November 2012, with the initial release version 25.0.1313.0. This development cycle resulted in the release of Chrome 25.0.1364.97 for Windows and Linux and 25.0.1364.99 for macOS on 21 February 2013. This release introduced extension improvements, improved support for HTML5 time and date inputs, JavaScript Web Speech API support and improved WebGL error handling, plus many bug fixes.[33][102]

Chromium 26.0 was released on 20 December 2012, with the initial release version 26.0.1366.0.[33] This development cycle resulted in the release of Chrome 26.0.1410.43 on 26 March 2013. This release incorporated new "Ask Google for suggestions" spell checking feature improvements, which includes grammar and homonym checking, desktop shortcuts for multiple users on Windows, and asynchronous DNS resolver improvements for Mac OS-X and Linux.[103]

2013[edit]

The first new release for 2013 was Chromium 27.0, which first came out on 14 February 2013, as 27.0.1412.0. This development cycle resulted in the release of Chrome 27.0.1453.93 on 21 May 2013. This version incorporated a page loading speed improvement of an average of 5%, the chrome.syncFileSystem API and improved prediction ranking and Omnibox predictions and improved spelling correction.[33][104]

Chromium 28.0 was released on 28 March 2013, with the initial release version 28.0.1455.0.This development cycle resulted in the release of Google Chrome 28.0.1500.45 for Linux only on 17 June 2013. On Linux this version requires Ubuntu 12.04, Debian 7, openSUSE 12.2 or Fedora Linux 17 and later releases to run.[33][105]

Chromium 29.0 was released on 9 May 2013, with the initial release version 29.0.1502.0.[33] This development cycle resulted in the release of Chrome 29.0.1547.57 on 20 August 2013.[106] This version incorporated improved Omnibox suggestions, the ability to reset user profiles, new applications and extension APIs and improvements in stability and performance.[107] The Blink layout engine was introduced on 4 April 2013 in Chromium 28.0.1463.0.[108]

Chromium 30.0 was released on 27 June 2013, with the initial release version 30.0.1549.0.[33] This development cycle resulted in the release of Chrome 30.0.1599.66 on 1 October 2013. This incorporated improved image searching, new applications and extension APIs, performance and stability enhancements and 50 bug fixes.[109]

Chromium 31.0 was released on 13 August 2013, with the initial release version 31.0.1600.0.[33] This development cycle resulted in the release of Chrome 31.0.1650.48 on 12 November 2013. This version of Chrome introduced only bug fixes with no new features.[110]

Chromium was considered as the default browser for Ubuntu 13.10, which was released on 17 October 2013, but Firefox remained the default browser due to problems keeping the Chromium packages up to date.[111]

Chromium 32.0 was released on 25 September 2013, with the initial release version 32.0.1651.2.[33] This development cycle resulted in the release of Chrome 32.0.1700.76 for Windows and Chrome Frame and 32.0.1700.77 for Mac and Linux on 14 January 2014. This release incorporated tab indicators for sound, webcam and casting, visual changes to the version for Windows 8 in Metro mode, automatically blocking of files detected as malware, several new apps and extension APIs, and improved stability and performance.[112]

Chromium 33.0 was released on 6 November 2013, with the initial release version 33.0.1701.0.[33] This development cycle resulted in the release of Chrome 33.0.1750.117 on 20 February 2014, which was predominately a bug-fix release.[113]

Chromium 34.0 was released on 18 December 2013, with the initial release version 34.0.1751.0.[33] This cycle resulted in the release of Chrome 34.0.1847.116 on 8 April 2014. This version included the ability to import supervised users onto new computers, additional new apps/extension APIs and a different appearance for Chrome in Windows 8 Metro mode.[114]

2014[edit]

Chromium 35.0 was released on 20 February 2014, with the initial release version 35.0.1849.0.[33] This development cycle resulted in the release of Chrome 35.0.1916.114 on 20 May 2014. Chrome 35 incorporated improved developer control over touch input, new JavaScript features, an unprefixed Shadow DOM, some new apps and extension APIs, plus stability and performance enhancements.[115]

Chromium 36.0 was released on 31 March 2014, with the initial release version 36.0.1917.0.[33] This development cycle resulted in the release of Chrome 36.0.1985.125 on 16 July 2014. The release included improvements to notifications, a new incognito and guest NTP design, a new crash recovery bubble, an application launcher for Linux, improvements to stability and performance and 26 security fixes.[116]

Chromium 37.0 was released on 11 May 2014, with the initial release version 37.0.1986.0.[33] This development cycle resulted in the release of Chrome 37.0.2062.94 on 26 August 2014. Chrome 37 included Windows DirectWrite support to improve font rendering, new apps/extension APIs, improvements to stability and performance, and 50 security fixes.[117]

Chromium 38.0 was released on 22 June 2014, with the initial release version 38.0.2063.0.[33] This development cycle resulted in the release of Chrome 38.0.2125.101 on 7 October 2014. Chrome 38 included just bug fixes and improvements to stability and performance.[118]

Chromium 39.0 was released on 17 August 2014, with the initial release version 39.0.2126.0.[33] This development cycle resulted in the release of Chrome 39.0.2171.65 on 18 November 2014. Chrome 39 included 64-bit support for Mac computers, some new application and extension APIs as well as stability and performance enhancements.[119]

Chromium 40.0 was released on 28 September 2014, with the initial release version 40.0.2172.0. The development cycle resulted in the release of Chrome 40.0.2214.91 on 21 January 2015. This version was predominately a bug-fix release with 62 security issues addressed.[21][120]

Chromium 41.0 was released on 9 November 2014, with the initial release version 41.0.2215.0.[21] This development cycle resulted in the release of Chrome 41.0.2272.76 on 3 March 2015. This version was predominately a "stability and performance" and bug-fix release with 51 security issues addressed.[121]

2015[edit]

Chromium 42.0 was released on 12 January 2015, with the initial release version 42.0.2273.0.[21] This development cycle resulted in the release of Chrome 42.0.2311.90 on 14 April 2015. This release included new application and API support and improvements to stability and performance. In deference to its version number Google also claimed that it contained, "the answer to life, the universe and everything".[122]

Chromium 43.0 was released on 22 February 2015, with the initial release version 43.0.2312.0.[21] This development cycle resulted in the release of Chrome 43.0.2357.65 on 19 May 2015. It was primarily a security-fix update.[123] Chromium 43 was reported by Debian developers as automatically downloading the binary blob Chrome Hotword Shared Module extension, a library for Google's OK Google voice recognition feature. Security researchers have indicated that this code carries a risk of invasion of privacy. This was fixed in Chromium 45.0 with newer versions no longer automatically downloading the Chrome Hotword Shared Module, but the Debian community remained suspicious of the browser and Google.[124][125][126][127]

Chromium 44.0 was released on 7 April 2015, with the initial release version 44.0.2359.0.[21] This development cycle resulted in the release of Chrome 44.0.2403.89 on 21 July 2015. This version included some new apps and extension APIs, some changes to improve stability and performance and 43 security fixes.[128]

The remainder of the Chromium releases for the year were just bug and security fix updates, with no other significant changes.[21][129][130][131][132][133]

2016[edit]

Chromium 50.0, released on 18 January 2016, added support for Brotli compression via the br Accept-encoding header.[134] Chrome 54, released on 12 October 2016 and based upon Chromium 54, introduced support for HTML Custom Elements.[135][136]

The remainder of the Chromium releases for 2016 were only bug and security fix updates, with no other significant changes.

2017[edit]

Chromium 59.0, released on 4 March 2017, added support for the Animated Portable Network Graphics (APNG) file format.[21][137][138]

The remainder of the Chromium releases for 2017 were only bug and security fix updates, with no other significant changes.

Snapshots[edit]

Chromium snapshots are built automatically several times a day by Buildbot Buildslaves and made available as binary code releases.[139] Once a snapshot has been built, it is placed in a directory in the chromium-browser-snapshots root directory[140] and it is automatically tested.[141] If the snapshot passes the automated testing, it is placed in a directory in the chromium-browser-continuous root directory.[142]

Chromium builds can be downloaded for most Linux distributions and BSD operating systems from their respective software repositories. Chromium builds for Windows and Mac can be downloaded directly. Unlike Chrome releases, Chromium releases do not automatically update.[143]

Other browsers based on Chromium[edit]

Active[edit]

• Amazon Silk
• Blisk is a browser available for Windows 7 and later, OS X 10.9 and later that aims to provide an array of useful tools for Web development.
• Brave is an open source web browser that aims to block website trackers and remove intrusive internet advertisements.
• CodeWeavers CrossOver Chromium is an unofficial bundle of a Wine derivative and Chromium Developer Build 21 for Linux and macOS, first released on 15 September 2008 by CodeWeavers as part of their CrossOver project.[144][145]
• Comodo Dragon is a rebranded version of Chromium for 32-bit Windows 8.1, 8, Windows 7 and Vista[146] produced by the Comodo Group. According to the developer, it provides improved security and privacy features.[147]
• Cốc Cốc is a freeware web browser focused on the Vietnamese market, developed by Vietnamese company Cốc Cốc, based on Chromium open-source code for Windows.[148] According to data published by StatCounter in July 2013, Cốc Cốc has passed Opera to become one of the top 5 most popular browsers in Vietnam[149] within 2 months after official release[150]
• Dartium is a special temporary build of the Chromium browser intended for programmers. it includes the Dart VM, maintained by Google.[151]
• Epic Browser is a privacy-centric web browser developed by Hidden Reflex of India and based on Chromium source code.[152]
• Opera began to base its web browser on Chromium with version 15.[153]
• Qihoo 360 Secure Browser is a popular web browser in China.[154]
• Samsung Internet shipped its first Chromium-based browser in a Galaxy S4 model released in 2013.[155]
• Sleipnir is a Chromium derivative browser for Windows and macOS. One of its main features is linking to Web apps (Facebook, Twitter, Dropbox, etc.) and smartphone apps (Google Map, etc.). It also boasts what it calls "beautiful text," and has unique graphical tabs, among other features.[156]
• Slimjet: A Chromium-based web browser released by FlashPeak that features built-in webpage translation, PDF viewing capability and a PPAPI flash plugin, features usually missing from Chromium-based browsers currently not supported.
• SRWare Iron is a freeware release of Chromium for Windows, macOS and Linux, offering both installable and portable versions. Iron disables certain configurable Chromium features that could share information with third parties and additional tracking features that Google adds to its Chrome browser.[157]
• Torch is a browser based on Chromium for Windows. It specializes in media downloading and has built-in media features, including a torrent engine, video grabber and sharing button.[158]
• Vivaldi is a browser for Windows, macOS and Linux developed by Vivaldi Technologies.[159][160] The browser is aimed at staunch technologists, heavy Internet users and previous Opera web browser users. Vivaldi aims to revive the old, popular features of Opera 12 and introduce new, more innovative ones.
• Yandex browser is a browser created by the Russian software company Yandex for macOS, Windows and Linux.[161] The browser integrates Yandex services, which include a search engine, a machine translation service and cloud storage.

Discontinued[edit]

• CoolNovo, called ChromePlus prior to January 2012 – a Chromium-based browser for Windows and Linux. It added features such as mouse gestures, link dragging and IE tabs.[162] (Last version: 29 August 2013 with core version 27.0.1453.110[163])
• Flock – a browser that specialized in providing social networking and had Web 2.0 facilities built into its user interface.It was based on Chromium starting with version 3.0. Flock was discontinued in April 2011.[164][165]
• Maelstrom by San Francisco-based BitTorrent Inc. which took the Chromium framework and integrated a BitTorrent engine under the hood, so that torrent files could be played directly from the browser and torrent-powered websites no longer had to rely on central servers.[166][167][168][169] Although no official discontinue notice has been announced as of February 2017, the BitTorrent Inc. website no longer provides the browser for download, the last build has not been updated past Chromium version 44 and the last post by the project lead staff was on 14 September 2015.[170]
• Rockmelt – a release of Chromium for Windows Mobile and iOS under a commercial proprietary licence. It integrated features from Facebook and Twitter, but was discontinued in April 2013 and fully retired at 10am PT on July 31, 2013.[171][172] On August 2, 2013, Rockmelt was acquired by Yahoo! Rockmelt's extensions and website were shut down after August 31, 2013. Yahoo! plans to integrate Rockmelt's technology into other products.[173]
• Titan Browser – a browser created by the US software company Titan Browser Corp, for Windows operating systems.[174] It includes a search engine, a Facebook share button and tool bar blocker. (Last version: 9 October 2013, v33.0.1712.0)

See also[edit]

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External links[edit]

en.wikipedia.org

Хром — Lurkmore

Хром — 24 элемент периодической таблицы, атомная масса 51,996, металл голубовато-стального цвета, очень твёрдый (царапает стекло) и хрупкий. Название элемент получил от греч. χρῶμα — цвет, краска — из-за разнообразия окраски своих соединений. Практически все соединения хрома ядовиты, а некоторые ещё и вызывают ожоги и рак.

Также Chrome™ (a.k.a. хромой, евр. рас. כרום) — механизм Google© для сбора информации, маскирующийся под браузер. Создан для порабощения мира и укрепления армии гуглоботов в противовес яблочникам. Тоже в своём роде ядовитый, об этом читайте ниже.

В отличие от Opera, своих шлюх и блекджека не имеет, а в управлении и настройке рассчитан на дебилов, что ясно показывает целевую аудиторию Гугла.

Алсо, браузер имеет свой собственный комикс, сделанный в лучших традициях советской пропаганды и является официальным пресс-релизом Большого Брата в интернетах.

Юзером с хабры замечена фича телепортации коз, что само по себе принципиально отличает Chrome от браузеров, программный код которых писался в трезвом виде.

Хром страшно напугал параноиков пунктом в лицензионном соглашении о том, что Гугль имеет право всячески использовать информацию о пользователе в своих целях. Скандальный пункт оперативно похерили, сославшиcь на «досадную ошибку» при составлении первоначальной версии. Но мы-то знаем. Несмотря на это, Хром всё равно обвиняют в сборе информации о пользователях. С другой стороны, есть браузеры на движке Chromium, в которых функция анальной слежки за пользователем отсутствует. К ним относятся:

• Chromium — свободная кодовая база Хрома. По сравнению с Хромом тут отсутствуют: Flash, авто-обновления, отчёты о крашах браузера, RLZ-идентификатор. Есть возможность отключить статистику об использовании в настройках. Можно собрать самому для своей платформы или использовать готовые бинарные сборки. Для параноиков есть ungoogled-chromium — вариант Хромиума с выпилеными адресами Гугла из исходников и патчами для отключения паразитного трафика.

• Comodo Dragon — ещё одна сборка c заверениями о невъебенной конфиденциальности.

• Яндекс. Браузер — быдлосборка, сделанная Яндексом. Доброжелатели зовут его «Яндекс-Стринги» за сходство логотипа с ними. На этот раз Яндекс перепилил интерфейс, и добавили новую YOBA-панельку в стиле Metro. Альтернативное же мнение состоит в том, что в Ябраузере присутствует куча реально полезных ништяков типа морфологического поиска, но давайте по-честному: кому он вообще нужен? Yandex LLC входит в число разработчиков Хромиума как и Опера, и это — просто умопомрачительное достижение, пред которым просто меркнут все потуги Гугла.

• Нихром — еще одна быдлосборка, на это раз сделанная Рамблером. Ныне называется «Рамблер-Браузер».

• ВНЕЗАПНО Опера — таки да, в 2013 Опера похоронила собственное двигло Presto и принялась запиливать свою версию на базе Хрома, с экспресс-панелью и копилкой.

• Vivaldi — попытка собрать весь тот самый комбайн интерфейсных решений Opera-Presto на Blink-движке программистами, отколовшимися от команды Opera.

• Maxthon — изначально попытка придать IE6 человеческое лицо (табы, жесты — в общем довести до уровня старой Opera). В наши дни — китайский браузер на двух движках: Chromium и Trident. Обладает кучей различный плюшек, вроде встроенного блокировщика рекламы и качалки видео/музыки с любых сайтов, режима чтения, облачного блокнота, ночного режима, разделения окна на две части и ещё много чего. В целом, отличная альтернатива как Хрому, так и старой Опере, в отличие от которой после перехода на Хромиум Макстон стал только лучше. Любит делиться с китайскими создателями усердно собранной информацией о пользователе: ссылка на источник, этим грешат многие китайские хромоподелки

• CoolNovo — версия с кучей полезных и нужных функций, которые можно включать и отключать по желанию. Минус — лёгкая слоупочность разработчиков, из-за чего Ново отставал от Хрома в среднем на две версии. Проект закрыт.

• Полуофициальный браузер Уран системы Ucoz, прочитать о котором можно только тут.

• QIP Surf бровзер б-гмерзкого проэкта QIP.

• Chrome TUT — говносборка белорусского портала TUT.BY.

• Orbitum — очередной хромобраузер неизвестных питерских разработчиков. Позиционируется как браузер для социальных сетей. Содержит в себе различные приблуды типа плеера и чата для вконтактика, встроенный торрент-клиент, возможность менять оформление VK и Facebook.

• Torch Browser — австралийский браузер со своими плеером, торрентом, граббером, играми и прочими торчалками.

• Black Hawk — сборка словацкой команды NETGATE Technologies.

• Epic Privacy Browser — индийский браузер. Не сохраняет историю, кэш, пароли и сессию. Не отправляет сообщения о сбоях, имеет встроенный блокировщик рекламы. Блокирует сторонние куки и старается использовать HTTPS.

• PlayFree Browser — браузер компании MyPlayFree inc., Виргиния. Встроенная вкладка «Игры» с набором бесплатных браузерных игр. Во всём оcтальном — типичный Chrome.
• Avast SafeZone -- браузер компании Avast Software, Чехия. Примечателен веб-фильтрами, блокировщиком рекламы, скачиванием видео, защитой банковских транзакций.

Есть ещё один тру-хацкерский способ избежать всевидящего гуглоока. Можно пользоваться ванильным билдом Хрома/Хромиума и отправлять запросы к гуглу в топку локалхоста. Алсо есть православный обновлятор.

Остаётся риск, что в очередном билде добавят ещё адресов, так что будь бдителен, анон!

Кстати, во всех вышеперечисленных браузерах (кроме Maxthon) работают темы и большинство расширений Google Chrome.

В далёком 2008 году разные группы пользователей по-разному отреагировали на появление данного браузера:

• Большинству, как всегда, оказалось до пизды.
• Быдло и небыдло оказались практически несовместимы с продуктом:
  • Первое — по причине невозможности приделать к суровому, как челябинский металлург, Хрому ни одной кавайной свистелки или перделки наподобие «Яндекс-бара».
  • Второе же огорчилось из-за скудности настроек[1], не дающей возможности выделить браузер среди серой массы. Правда, гуглёвцы решили в этом вопросе таки пойти навстречу пожеланиям трудящихся широких небыдляцких масс и осенью 2009 ВНЕЗАПНО вывалили на счастливых обладателей Хрума целый ворох тем, разноцветных, как последний сон наркомана. В том числе и такие гламурные варианты, как скины от «Дольче-унд-Габбаны» или лично Мэрайи Кэри. Что, безусловно, символизирует.
• Слоупоков дико напугала лютая, бешеная скорость Хрома, особенно по сравнению с любимым Фуррифоксом и ИЕ. Скорость объясняется мудрым решением Гугла не изобретать лисапед, а использовать в качестве движка WebKit, тот самый, на котором крутится Safari — родной бровзер Mac OS X, он же бывший KHTML — движок, разработанный для KDE, а также приправить его расово датским JS-движком V8. Поначалу были проблемы с аппаратным ускорением графона, но инженеры Google наконец их решили.
• Красноглазые используют опенсурс-версию хрома — Хромиум, а также Вивальди.
• Уеб-мастера, например, узнав о скором выходе ЕЩЁ ОДНОГО браузера, первым делом приготовились жутко негодовать. Однако вскоре после выхода софтинки выяснилось, что сфинктеры можно вернуть в исходное состояние — Хром вполне православно отображал 95% сайтов и не требовал спецстилей, дополнительных скриптов и прочих изъёбов.

Так или иначе, Хром стал довольно активно использоваться и даже уделал в СШП Огнелиса, Сафари и Жоперу, что неудивительно, поскольку последняя популярна исключительно у туземцев в странах типа Рашки, а первые две слегка специфичны. Кроме того, Хром активно форсится гуглом на всех гугл-сервисах и Ютьюбе, что привело к тому, что Хромыч стал самым популярным браузером в мировых Интернетах. Ведь несмотря на всю параноидальную истерию, он весьма приятен на вид, если отбросить истинно гугловское понимание оформления настроек. Появление массовых нетбуков в очередной раз доставило гуглевцам, потому как Хром чуть более, чем полностью подходит для использования на нетбуках и вообще на доисторическом железе, где, например, чрезвычайно мало графической памяти. Впрочем, из всех браузеров Хром единственный занимает over 9000 места на диске, что для старых нетбуков с твердотельным накопителем на пару гигабайт бывает довольно критично. Но гуглеры решили, что на нетбуках ничего кроме браузера не нужно, и запилили Google Chromebook с Хромоосью. Быдло оценило, учитывая тот факт, что самое дешёвое поделие стоит меньше 200 убитых енотов.

В начале августа 2011 года на Сосаче в одном из браузеросрачей один из пользователей сего чуда подписался как «ХРОМОГ». Название пришлось по душе остальным участникам олимпиады — они быстро подхватили новое обозначение и в течение следующих нескольких дней активно размахивали им, вызывая кучу попаболи обиженных хромоюзеров. Хромогами начали называть пользователей сабжа, как бы указывая на их неполноценность, ежели они пользуются недобраузером. Также было порождено приличное количество ХРОМОГ-контента, который иногда радовал и самих хромогов.

Отдельно хочется отметить быстро сложившееся перемирие между юзерами Оперы и Фаерфокса, которые на удивление слаженно несколько дней подряд унижали хромогов. Кое-кому, впрочем, сложившаяся ситуация очень не нравится.

[править] Хром и Анонимус

Специально по заявке Анонимусов и школьников, фапающих за мамкиным компом, в Хром встроен особый режим «инкогнито». Находясь в этом режиме, юзер не оставляет следов в хистори и не крошит печеньками. Сверх того, он может прочесть откровенное послание разработчиков, раскрывающее истинную суть интернетов чуть более, чем полностью:

Через некоторое время подобный режим появился и в IE с Фуррифоксом. А чуть погодя — и в Опере. Однако нельзя не упомянуть, что данная функция (названная также «порнорежим») впервые появилась в том же Apple Safari.

И да, режим «инкогнито» не мешает самому хромому собирать информацию об Анонимусе. И это плохо. С другой стороны, Анонимус и сам всегда рад предоставить Гуглу всю информацию о себе! Хром является самым популярным браузером среди посетителей Двач.so.

Сразу по появлению все как один дебилы-журнализды стали тестировать браузер строго на скорость выполнения JavaScript, и ни на что другое. В этих тестах Хром былинно клал конкурентов на лопатки. Но скорость JS — это штука синтетическая, которая показывает, как быстро в браузере будет работать «математика»: майнинг биткойнов, расчёт псевдотрёхмерных цветных анимаций и прочие крутые, но малополезные в повседневной работе штуки. Для обычных страниц куда важнее скорость DOM, а тут Хром в лидерах не был. Результатом (или причиной) этого есть гугломейл с прочими сервисами, который в Хроме работает роскошно. Алсо, можно невозбранно фапать на тентакли.

Однако в этой дисциплине у Хрома ненадолго появился конкурент: Опера 10.5 содержала на тот момент новый javascript-движок, который по скорости был если не быстрее, то точно не уступал Хрому. Однако он был похоронен вместе с движком Presto.

Фуррифокс в последней инкарнации родил обезьянку со страшным именем Jäger и таки уделал Хром по скорости Javascript в тесте Sunspider, так что скорого завершения соревнований ждать не приходится.

После своего появления Хром действительно производил впечатление реактивного, но конкуренты смогли оперативно уменьшить расстояние до лидера на минимальную, а порой и отрицательную величину. Функциональность и настраиваемость же остались на примитивном уровне. Понимали это и пользователи, и разработчики. Цветной попытался уменьшить этот разрыв и стал впиливать всевозможные свистелки вроде предварительного просмотра перед печатью (да-да-да, он даже это не умел), поддержки WebGL и прочей фигни типа экспортов в PDF, кодеков и т. п. Вот тут-то и случился фейл: при попытке хоть сколько-либо приблизиться по функционалу к своим оппонентам, Хром стал лагать, жрать память и вообще весить больше всех остальных браузеров вместе взятых. По слухам, в последних релизах Огнелис уже уделал Хром, ахтыж, по потреблению памяти (SIC!) и на некоторых тестах рвёт его по производительности JS.

В принципе, в этом суть как Хромиума, так и Хрома на Хромиуме и других хромоподелок. Пока там никакого функционала (что не очевидно домохозяйке), и открыта пара вкладок с Домом-2 кулинарным рецептом и любимой соцсетью, Хром показывает «быстроту» (хотя всё равно рендерит страницы медленнее ряда ровесных версий покойной Оперы). То есть браузер на Chromium или убог по функциям, или же, при приближении к нормальному по возможностям — тяжеловесный тормоз, особенно с технологией открывать на каждый чих отдельный процесс (откройте в Chrome 50-100 страницо-вкладок и насладитесь, а ведь другие броузеры справляются с этим легко и почти стремительно). С этим выбором между голым броузером и неуклюжестью, например, столкнулись разработчики новой Оперы на Хромиуме.

Тем не менее, редакция американского журнала Tom's Hardware, пытаясь скрыть своё фапанье на Chrome, регулярно проводит глобальные тестирования всех популярных браузеров, по результатам которых Chrome довольно часто признаётся лучшим браузером для Семёрки, Плитки и Убунты.

Таки вышла официальная галерея расширений, откуда можно скачать всякие няшки. Особенно доставляет плагин Nothing, который невозбранно творит ничего.

Не менее полезные расширения Хрома:

• uBlock Origin — хорошая, годная, независимая от рекламодателей и опенсорсная баннерорезка. Фильтры включают тонны подписок от всех остальных баннерорезок и аддонов для обеспечения приватности.

• uMatrix — триединый requestpolicy, noscript и куки менеджер. Позволяет контролировать запросы на другие страницы, загружаемый контент (скрипты, изображения, куки, фреймы и прочие соединения). Требует чтения и мозгов для нормальной работы.

• Awesome Screenshot — получение скриншота страницы, даже если страница не умещается в экран. Получив скриншот, можно тут же, в окне Хрома, учинить над скриншотом мэдскиллз (подчеркнуть, обвести и подписать что нужно). Для перманентного сохранения на Diigo требуется гугло-аккаунт.

• Read Later Fast — позволяет сохранять страницы, чтобы потом можно было посмотреть их в оффлайне или в онлайне. Также используется, чтобы не держать открытые богомерзкие вкладки, которые считаются за хлам. См. также Pocket.

• PanicButton — тревожная кнопка, славное подспорье дрочерам и офисным бездельникам. По нажатию тревожной кнопки все вкладки закрываются, но не проёбываются! Повторное нажатие, и, вуаля — весь твой прон возвращается на экран.

• Stop Autoplay for YouTube — отключение ебучего автовоспроизведения роликов на страницах Ютуба.

• TinEye Reverse Image Search — поиск картинок по образцу (в контекстное меню добавляется пункт «искать картинку в TinEye»). Гугловский поиск по изображению уже встроен.

• MusicSig vkontakte — необходимые для всякого фкантактоёба приблуды. В том числе скачивание аудио/видеоконтента, установка тем.

• Wikipedia stare fix — освобождает уютненькую Википедию от б-гомерзкого лица Джимми. Однако удобнее сделать через Stylish, который требуется чаще, чем один месяц в году.

• FlashBlock — замечательно выпиливает б-гомерзкие рекламные флэшбаннеры и не только.

• Adblock Plus — кошерный блокиратор рекламы, изначально фаерфоксовский.

• Ghostery — ещё одно портированное расширение из Firefox. Выпиливает интернет-жучки, следящие за пользователем. И заодно сливает твои данные рекламщикам.

• Stylish — подключение пользовательских стилей с https://userstyles.org/, изначально фаерфоксовский.

• Tampermonkey — осуществляет поддержку большинства юзерскриптов, которые устанавливаются как в фаерфоксе — в один щелчок.

• Personal Blocklist (by Google) — для удаления всякого говна из выдачи Google. Заблокированные сайты впоследствии больше не показываются в твоём Хроме при поиске через Google, но главная фича, которая должна греть душу любого борца за чистоту интернетов — на заблокированный тобой сайт отправляется жалоба Большому Брату, и в возможном будущем сайт будет забанен. Му-ха-ха-ха! Трепещите, говносеошники!

• vimium — удобное управление как у текстового редактора vim.

• New Tab Redirect — если вас не устраивает краткий пересказ истории посещений на Новой вкладке, то можете создать перенапраление на какую-либо страницу (даже на служебные страницы самого Хрома).

Окончательно задолбавшись вносить в свои сервисы тысячи хаков для поддержки ими старого прогнившего Интернет Эксплорера, гугловцы извернулись и сделали один большой супермегакостыль под названием Chrome Frame. Работал костыль так:

1. Быдлоюзер заходит своим IE6 на сайт и видит предложение установить новый тулбар.
2. Быдлоюзер, как обычно, радостно жмёт OK.
3. Быдлоюзеру тайно закачивается Хром.
4. Хром въедается в IE, заменяя его собой и оставляя от него только оболочку.
5. Интернеты у быдлоюзера начинают работать через Хром, хотя видит быдлоюзер свою привычную синенькую буквочку E с яндыксом.
6. Быдлоюзер так ничего и не замечает, а гугловцам больше не надо воротить иешечные костыли дальше.

А в Советской России IE въедается в Хром!

Продолжением вышеописанного стало прекращение Гуглем поддержки IE6 после отаке на него расовых китайских хакеров (google://китайские хакеры или русские под китайскими проксями google). То есть ослоюзеры-слоупоки таки не смогут отрицательно отвечать на вопрос «в гугле забанили, чтоле?», но что там будет (и будет ли) показывать их недобровзер на гуглесервисах, гугля уже не волнует.

Окончание истории: с похоронами непонятно кому и для чего нужного сервиса Google Wave, для которого создавался данный костыль, Google решил похоронить и сам костыль — поддержка прекратилась в январе 2014-го.

[править] Chrome OS и хромбуки

В конце 2012 года вышла долгожданная ось от Гугла — Chromium OS. Основана на Линупсе, есть сорцы. Предлагается как быстрогрузящаяся вэб-ориентированная операционка. На практике же — самый бесполезный Линух-дистриб, поскольку кроме браузера в нём ничего нет и не планируется. Таким образом, ось может в оффлайне воспроизводить видео/музыку, смотреть картинки, играть в игры, а в онлайне работают веб-приложения на серверах Google, и отправляется информация в ZOG. Гики ухмыляются, тыкают пальчиком в iOS, которая тоже поначалу почти ничего не умела, и потихоньку готовятся писать хитрые плюшки для новой платформы.

Сам же Гугл пытается форсить свою поделку путём выпуска дешёвых ноутбуков с хромоосью, прибитой гвоздями — хромбуков. Работают они быстро, стоят дёшево, поэтому среди пиндостанского быдла пользуются относительной популярностью. Нерды же, обнаружив отсутствие поддержки таких жизненно важных вещей, как SMB, субтитры и консолечка, презрительно воротят нос и ставят себе Ubuntu, благо препятствий для этого действия, если не считать препятствием навязчивую неубираемую заставку при загрузке, Гугл городить не стал. Таким образом, довольны остаются все. Однако в Северную Нигерию и её окрестности официально ввозить хромбуки почему-то не торопятся, так что желающим помацать сии диковинные девайсы придётся заказывать их с Амазона/Ебая. Sad, but true.

1. ↑ Спартанские настройки остались, но для любителей ковыряться гуглеры реализовали специальную страницу chrome://flags/

lurkmore.to

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